chapter 25 section 1 the cold war beginsimmigration and slavery section 1 ch3: the colonies take...

Chapter 25 Section 1

The Cold War BeginsImmigration and Slavery

Section 1

Ch3: The Colonies Take Shape

1607-1765



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Which major groups of immigrants came to Britain’s American colonies in the 1700s?

In the 1700s, great numbers of Europeans from Germany and Scotland immigrated to the colonies.

These newcomers reshaped American colonial society.



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Immigrants from many backgrounds brought diversity to the colonies.



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New groups immigrated in the 1700s.

Scots and Scotch-Irish Germans

Became the largest immigrant group.

Became the second largest immigrant group.

Motivated by poverty and legal access as part of Great Britain.

Worked as merchants in the tobacco trade and farmed.

Motivated by war, taxes and religious persecution.

Mostly settled in Pennsylvania and farmed.



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• No group was large enough to impose their beliefs on other groups.

• People realized that when they got along in a diverse society, everyone benefited.

Diversity in the colonies meant that:



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• Farmers in the south needed a work force to grow labor-intensive crops of tobacco, rice, and indigo.

• Traders began to purchase slaves from African merchants and transport them to the colonies to sell to plantation owners.

Colonists used slaves as a source of labor.



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Africans were taken by force from West African countries to the colonies and Europe.



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During the Middle Passage, Africans were shackled together into small spaces below a ship’s deck.



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By the mid-1700s, the triangular trade of goods and slaves was well-established.

• Manufactured goods were traded for captured Africans.

• Slave traders carried Africans to American colonies in the Middle Passage.

• Enslaved Africans were sold to colonists for raw materials.

• Traders took raw materials to England to be turned into manufactured goods.



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Slavery in the Southern Colonies was cruel.

Enslaved Africans worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, in fields growing labor-intensive crops.

Most enslaved Africans were given limited clothing and food, and lived in crude huts on plantations.

Enslaved Africans were closely supervised by white overseers who often whipped those who resisted being enslaved.

They worked as farmhands, sailors, dock workers, and house servants.



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Africans reacted to enslavement by:

RebellingRebellingUprisings of Africans against theirwhite owners often occurred.

Running AwayRunning Away

Africans ran away and lived in forests and swamps, or fled toSpanish Florida where they were free.

Resisting Resisting Africans subtly and purposefully worked slowly or feigned illness.



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Africans blendedtheir variousAfrican traditions into the culture.

They modified African instruments and music, and created new musical traditions. The banjo here is a modified African instrument.



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How did English ideas about government and the economy influence life in the 13 colonies?

The relationship between England and the American colonies was economically and culturally close.

But in the 1700s, the distant colonies started to form their own ideas about their government and economy.



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The English had a long governmental tradition.

Magna Carta

Parliament

Glorious Revolution

In 1215, English nobles made King John accept a limitation to his taxation and guaranteed the right to a trial.

A two-house legislature composed of the House of Lords, an inherited position, and the House of Commons, elected by men with property.

The English overthrew King James and installed William and Mary, who granted the English Bill of Rights.



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The colonists believed that the English Bill of Rights applied to them, even though they lived in the colonies.

At the same time, the colonies enjoyed a long period of self-government and individual liberties.

Colonists were English subjects and self-ruling.



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The laws successfully regulated colonial trade to create great wealth and power for England in the 1600s.

The English Parliament passed trade laws called the Navigation Acts.



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In exchange, the colonies bought manufactured goods from England.

The cloth for this dress was produced in England

English mercantilism meant the colonies exported raw materials only to England.



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The new ideas of the Enlightenment in the 1600s and 1700s influenced Americans.

• Exposed colonists to new ways of thinking such as scientific reasoning and applying natural laws to government.

• People believed that human reason could solve issues.

• Colonial leader Benjamin Franklin was greatlyinspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment.



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Religion played an important part in colonial life:

• Many colonists had immigrated for religious reasons.

• Churches played a social role in colonial life.

• Churches served as public places for reading government proclamations, holding elections, and posting new laws.



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George Whitefield was a popular preacher in the colonies who helped launch a new religious movement called the Great Awakening.

• Preachers traveled through the colonies and preached powerful, emotion-packed sermons.

• Many people left their old established churches, joined the movement, and started new churches.



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Participants in the Great Awakening came to realize that if they can select their own religion, they can also select their own government.

The Great Awakening gave rise to a changed political awareness.



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How did life differ in each of the three main regions of the British colonies?

The colonies developed into three distinct regions: New England, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies.

Each region developed a different economy and society.



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New EnglandCold winters, short growing season, and a rugged landscape.

Middle ColoniesTemperate climate, longer growing season, landscape of fields and valleys.

Southern ColoniesWarm climate, long growing season, landscape with broad fields and valleys.



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New EnglandGeography lent itself to fishing, lumber harvesting, and small-scale farming.

Middle ColoniesKnown as the “bread basket”of the colonies for exporting so much wheat and grain.

Southern ColoniesExported the labor-intensive crops of tobacco, rice, and indigo.



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By the mid-1700s, the population of the colonies was rapidly increasing.

Based on their populations, the three regions developed different social patterns.



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• There were few African Americans.

• There were more families and the population grew rapidly.

• There was more economic equality.

• Towns were established that supported local schools and churches.

In New England:



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• The population was more diverse.

• There was more religious tolerance.

• There was a variety of economic opportunities.

In the Middle Colonies:



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• Enslaved Blacks often were the majority of the population.

• The population was spread over large areas.

• There was little economic equality.

• Communities could not sustain local schools and churches.

In the Southern Colonies:



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The role of colonial women focused on maintaining the home.

Few opportunities existed for women outside the home.

By law and by custom:

women could not own property.

women could not vote.

women could not serve on a jury.



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Though most colonists attended only grammar schools, they were better educated than average Europeans.



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How did Great Britain’s wars with France affect the American colonies?

A series of wars between the European empires spread to the colonies.

Colonists allied with Britain fought against the French and their Indian allies.



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Overall, the Indians tried to maintain a balance ofpower between the French and the British.

In the French

and Indian War:

• Most Indians fought alongside the French because they treatedthe Indians with respect and generosity.

• The British treated Indians harshly and took their lands for farming.



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The French and British fought over who controlled the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes area.



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In the early years of the war, from 1754 through to 1758, the British were defeated by the French and their Indian allies.

A young George Washington led an early battle against the French in 1754.

The death of General Edward Braddock in a French and Indian ambush was a significant defeat for the British.



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Soon groups of colonial militiamen helped the British fight the French.

The British did not treat their colonial counterparts as equals.



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In 1758 and 1759, the British interrupted the shipment of French supplies and started to win battles.

Many Indians deserted the French to fight on the British side.

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the war and greatly increased British territory.



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• They attacked British forts and the new British settlements.

• They tried to weaken the British in any way they could.

• The British stopped supplies to the Indians.

• British settlers quickly moved into Indian lands.

The Indians rebelled.The British conquest was not good for the Indians.



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This Indian uprising called Pontiac’s Rebellion ended in 1764.

The British agreed settlers would remain east of the Appalachian Mountains.



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The British The Colonies

wanted more control over the colonies

did not want British control

wanted the colonies to help pay for the wars

wanted more land for settlements

wanted the colonies to join together under the Albany Plan of Union

wanted to maintain their individual autonomy

wanted colonies to cooperate in time of war

did not want to be unfairly taxed by the British

Tensions arose between the British and colonists after the French and Indian War.



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• unite the colonies under British rule.

• unite the colonies in fighting wars.

• create a continental assembly with delegates from each colony.

Colonial leader Benjamin Franklin drafted the Albany Plan of Union that would:



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Franklin drew this political cartoon to encourage support of colonial unity and his plan.

The colonists and the British each rejected the Albany Plan for their own reasons.



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The French and Indian War changed the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain.

The colonists increasingly resented the erosion of their autonomy and the involuntary tax burden.

In the 1760s, the British placed new, unwanted taxes and regulations on the colonists.

chapter 25 section 1 the cold war beginsimmigration and slavery section 1 ch3: the colonies take...

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