Chapter 25:Chapter 25: Imperialism, Alliances, and Imperialism, Alliances, and

WarWar

Expansion of European Expansion of European Power and the New Power and the New

ImperialismImperialism The growth of national states permitted The growth of national states permitted Western nations to deploy their resources Western nations to deploy their resources more effectively than ever before.more effectively than ever before.

Europeans considered their civilization and Europeans considered their civilization and way of life superior to all others.way of life superior to all others.

The dominant doctrine of free trade opposed The dominant doctrine of free trade opposed political interference in foreign lands as political interference in foreign lands as economically unprofitable.economically unprofitable.

New ImperialismNew Imperialism– During the last third of the nineteenth century, During the last third of the nineteenth century,

European nations rapidly extended their control European nations rapidly extended their control over the rest of the globe.over the rest of the globe.

The New ImperialismThe New Imperialism

ImperialismImperialism– Establishing authority over another nation by Establishing authority over another nation by

exercising economic and political force or by exercising economic and political force or by territorial acquisition.territorial acquisition.

European nations would arrange with European nations would arrange with other countries to invest capital in other countries to invest capital in undeveloped regions.undeveloped regions.

European nations could also exert more European nations could also exert more direct political control.direct political control.

Motives for the New Motives for the New ImperialismImperialism

Economic motives cannot account for the Economic motives cannot account for the entire impetus behind New Imperialism.entire impetus behind New Imperialism.

Social Darwinist groups claimed Europeans Social Darwinist groups claimed Europeans had an obligation to civilize “backward” had an obligation to civilize “backward” peoples. peoples.

Religious groups agitated for the spread of Religious groups agitated for the spread of Christianity.Christianity.

Some suggested imperialism be used to Some suggested imperialism be used to attract attention away from social policy.attract attention away from social policy.

The Scramble for AfricaThe Scramble for Africa Between the late 1870s and 1900 European Between the late 1870s and 1900 European

powers divided the entire continent among powers divided the entire continent among themselves, motivated by economic and political themselves, motivated by economic and political competition.competition.

The nations used a variety of rationalizations to The nations used a variety of rationalizations to justify their actions.justify their actions.

Important African raw materials include ivory, Important African raw materials include ivory, rubber, minerals, diamonds, and gold. rubber, minerals, diamonds, and gold.

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference– Mapped out which European nation had access to Mapped out which European nation had access to

certain parts of Africa.certain parts of Africa. European nations appointed administrators to European nations appointed administrators to

supervise their African possessions.supervise their African possessions.

North AfricaNorth Africa

Technically part of Ottoman Empire.Technically part of Ottoman Empire. Pressure applied diplomatically and Pressure applied diplomatically and

through investments and loans to through investments and loans to exert influence on the area.exert influence on the area.

EgyptEgypt

Sold cotton as a cash crop on the Sold cotton as a cash crop on the international market.international market.

Financed the Financed the Suez CanalSuez Canal through foreign through foreign loans.loans.

The bankrupt government was overthrown The bankrupt government was overthrown by the army in 1881by the army in 1881

Britain defeated the army and installed Britain defeated the army and installed administrators to ensure repayment of administrators to ensure repayment of their loans for the Suez Canal and access their loans for the Suez Canal and access to the path to India.to the path to India.

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo

King Leopold financed Stanley’s African King Leopold financed Stanley’s African explorations on his behalf.explorations on his behalf.

Berlin Conference codified his “treaties” Berlin Conference codified his “treaties” with local tribes.with local tribes.

Leopold cultivated the image of a Leopold cultivated the image of a humanitarian ruler while imposing brutal humanitarian ruler while imposing brutal conditions on residents of the Congo. conditions on residents of the Congo.

In thirty years as ruler, approximately one-In thirty years as ruler, approximately one-half of the residents of the Congo were half of the residents of the Congo were victims of murder, exploitation, starvation, victims of murder, exploitation, starvation, and disease.and disease.

Southern AfricaSouthern Africa Important resources include fertile pastures Important resources include fertile pastures

and farm land, deposits of coal, iron ore, and farm land, deposits of coal, iron ore, gold, diamonds, and copper.gold, diamonds, and copper.

Partially inhabited by the Afrikaners, or Partially inhabited by the Afrikaners, or Boers, descendents of Dutch settlersBoers, descendents of Dutch settlers

After a series of bloody wars, the British After a series of bloody wars, the British arranged with the Boers for a white-only arranged with the Boers for a white-only ruling class.ruling class.

ApartheidApartheid– ““Separateness” – the policy that segregated non-Separateness” – the policy that segregated non-

whites and granted virtually no civil rights in South whites and granted virtually no civil rights in South Africa.Africa.

AsiaAsia Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy

– Proposed by the US, opposed foreign annexations in Proposed by the US, opposed foreign annexations in China and equal opportunity to all nations to trade there.China and equal opportunity to all nations to trade there.

The emergence of Japan as a great power The emergence of Japan as a great power frightened the other powers interested in China.frightened the other powers interested in China.

The United States exerted great influence in the The United States exerted great influence in the Western Hemisphere by virtue of the Monroe Western Hemisphere by virtue of the Monroe Doctrine.Doctrine.

After the Spanish American War, the United States After the Spanish American War, the United States had influence over Cuba, Puerto Rico, part of the had influence over Cuba, Puerto Rico, part of the Philippines, Samoa, and would soon control Hawaii.Philippines, Samoa, and would soon control Hawaii.

The Ottoman Empire remained vulnerable and had The Ottoman Empire remained vulnerable and had been in decline since the late seventeenth century. been in decline since the late seventeenth century.

Emergence of the German Empire Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873-and the Alliance Systems (1873-

1890)1890) The appearance of a German Empire upset The appearance of a German Empire upset

the balance of power in Europe.the balance of power in Europe. The German Empire was a nation of great The German Empire was a nation of great

wealth, industrial capacity, military power, wealth, industrial capacity, military power, and population.and population.

The forces of nationalism threatened The forces of nationalism threatened Austria with disintegration.Austria with disintegration.

After its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War After its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War the French were no longer a dominant the French were no longer a dominant Western European power and were Western European power and were concerned about Prussia.concerned about Prussia.

Bismarck’s LeadershipBismarck’s Leadership Bismarck wanted to avoid war and preserve Germany’s Bismarck wanted to avoid war and preserve Germany’s

territorial integrity and established the Three Emperors’ territorial integrity and established the Three Emperors’ League with Austria and Russia.League with Austria and Russia.

After the League collapsed, The Treaty of San Stefano After the League collapsed, The Treaty of San Stefano freed the Balkan Slavic states from Ottoman rule and the freed the Balkan Slavic states from Ottoman rule and the Russians gained some territory.Russians gained some territory.

The 1878 Congress of Berlin settled the Eastern Question The 1878 Congress of Berlin settled the Eastern Question unsatisfactorily, and the south Slavic question remained a unsatisfactorily, and the south Slavic question remained a threat to European peace.threat to European peace.

Germany and Austria agreed to a mutual defense treaty Germany and Austria agreed to a mutual defense treaty from Russia known as the Dual Alliance, which was later from Russia known as the Dual Alliance, which was later joined by Italy. By Bismarck’s retirement he was allied with joined by Italy. By Bismarck’s retirement he was allied with Austria, Russia, and Italy while on good terms with Britain.Austria, Russia, and Italy while on good terms with Britain.

The ascension of the pugilistic and nationalistic William II The ascension of the pugilistic and nationalistic William II threatened future European stability.threatened future European stability.

Forging the Triple Entente Forging the Triple Entente (1890-1907)(1890-1907)

France, concerned with security against Germany, invested in France, concerned with security against Germany, invested in Russia which in turn proffered a mutual defense treaty against Russia which in turn proffered a mutual defense treaty against Germany.Germany.

William II instigated a naval build-up in an attempt to emulate William II instigated a naval build-up in an attempt to emulate Britain, which simply produced more ships. Britain, which simply produced more ships.

The 1904 The 1904 Entente CordialeEntente Cordiale represented a major step in represented a major step in aligning Britain with France.aligning Britain with France.

After Germany attempted to pressure France and the After Germany attempted to pressure France and the international community into colonial concessions in Germany, international community into colonial concessions in Germany, Britain and France arranged an alliance that made their Britain and France arranged an alliance that made their military forces mutually dependent by 1914.military forces mutually dependent by 1914.

In 1907, Britain concluded an agreement much like the In 1907, Britain concluded an agreement much like the Entente Cordiale, this time with Russia. Entente Cordiale, this time with Russia.

The The Triple EntenteTriple Entente of Britain, Russia, and France were of Britain, Russia, and France were aligned against the aligned against the Triple AllianceTriple Alliance of Germany, Austria- of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the unreliable Italy.Hungary, and the unreliable Italy.

The Road to War (1908-The Road to War (1908-1914)1914)

Austria annexed Bosnia. The actions strained Austria annexed Bosnia. The actions strained relations between Russia, who had an agreement relations between Russia, who had an agreement with Austria, and France and Britain. At the same with Austria, and France and Britain. At the same time Germany pledged to support Austria, putting time Germany pledged to support Austria, putting Austria in control of German foreign policy.Austria in control of German foreign policy.

After the Second Moroccan Crisis, Britain and After the Second Moroccan Crisis, Britain and France moved closer together creating a de facto France moved closer together creating a de facto alliance.alliance.

After Two Balkan Wars, Austria concluded Serbian After Two Balkan Wars, Austria concluded Serbian territorial expansion by threatening to use force territorial expansion by threatening to use force in Albania. The Alliance system was bending in Albania. The Alliance system was bending under the strain of international pressures. under the strain of international pressures.

Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints

““Family Feud”Family Feud”

“ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles”

“ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”

“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Sarajevo and the Outbreak Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June-August 1914)of War (June-August 1914)

The heir to the Austrian throne, The heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Archduke Franz FerdinandFerdinand, is assassinated in Sarajevo with the , is assassinated in Sarajevo with the aid of Serbian nationalists.aid of Serbian nationalists.

The assassination caused outrage in Europe, but The assassination caused outrage in Europe, but Austria was slow to respond to Serbia, which it was Austria was slow to respond to Serbia, which it was determined to invade. Germany pledged to support determined to invade. Germany pledged to support Austria and Russia, building up its military, was Austria and Russia, building up its military, was likely to defend Serbia while drawing in France.likely to defend Serbia while drawing in France.

Austria mobilized, Russia mobilized, Germany Austria mobilized, Russia mobilized, Germany declared war on Russia and the next day declared declared war on Russia and the next day declared war on France. Germany invaded Belgium, drawing war on France. Germany invaded Belgium, drawing Britain into the war, Germany invaded France, and Britain into the war, Germany invaded France, and then Britain declared war on Germany. then Britain declared war on Germany.

Strategies and Stalemate: Strategies and Stalemate: 1914–19171914–1917

All over the Continent people welcomed war, unaware of the All over the Continent people welcomed war, unaware of the horrors of modern warfare.horrors of modern warfare.

After initial German and French failures on the Western front, the After initial German and French failures on the Western front, the war devolved into war devolved into trench warfaretrench warfare over a few hundred yards of over a few hundred yards of land.land.

The British introduced the The British introduced the tanktank in 1916 which was the answer to in 1916 which was the answer to the terrible effectiveness of the machine gun defensively.the terrible effectiveness of the machine gun defensively.

In the East, both sides appeared to nationalistic sentiment in the In the East, both sides appeared to nationalistic sentiment in the areas the enemy held. Some of the groups roused included the areas the enemy held. Some of the groups roused included the Irish, the Flemings, the Poles, the Czechs, the Slovaks, the Slavs, Irish, the Flemings, the Poles, the Czechs, the Slovaks, the Slavs, and Muslims. and Muslims.

The Germans introduced submarine warfare, especially around The Germans introduced submarine warfare, especially around the British Isles, to try and cut off enemy supply lines to the the British Isles, to try and cut off enemy supply lines to the Continent. Continent.

Continued German Continued German submarine warfaresubmarine warfare, including sinking the , including sinking the United States liner United States liner LusitaniaLusitania, led the United States to declare war , led the United States to declare war on Germany in 1917.on Germany in 1917.

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

The incompetent government of Nicholas The incompetent government of Nicholas II led to internal disorder in Russia.II led to internal disorder in Russia.

Peasant discontent plagued the Peasant discontent plagued the countryside.countryside.

In the absence of Nicholas II, incompetent In the absence of Nicholas II, incompetent government officials attempted to keep government officials attempted to keep order as the members of Russia’s order as the members of Russia’s parliament remained unsatisfied. parliament remained unsatisfied.

The Provisional GovernmentThe Provisional Government

After the abdication of the tsar, the After the abdication of the tsar, the provisional government continued to provisional government continued to support the war effort.support the war effort.

After one failed coup attempt, a After one failed coup attempt, a second coup led by second coup led by LeninLenin and and TrotskyTrotsky was successful in was successful in November. November.

The Communist DictatorshipThe Communist Dictatorship

The government nationalized the land and The government nationalized the land and turned it over to peasants. turned it over to peasants.

Russia was taken out of the war.Russia was taken out of the war. The The Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk yielded yielded

Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, and Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, and Ukraine to Germany. Ukraine to Germany.

After a three year battle between the Red After a three year battle between the Red Army, controlled by Lenin, and the White Army, controlled by Lenin, and the White Russians, who opposed the revolution, Russians, who opposed the revolution, Lenin’s Lenin’s BolshevikBolshevik forces were in firm forces were in firm control.control.

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

The End of World War IThe End of World War I

With Russia out of the war Germany, With Russia out of the war Germany, in control of important European in control of important European resources like food, could focus on resources like food, could focus on the western front.the western front.

The deadlock continued through The deadlock continued through 1917 although American involvement 1917 although American involvement would change the tide of the war. would change the tide of the war.

Germany’s Last OffensiveGermany’s Last Offensive In March, the Germans mounted a final In March, the Germans mounted a final

unsuccessful offensive.unsuccessful offensive. With Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey essentially With Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey essentially

out of the war, the Germany army was finished. out of the war, the Germany army was finished. Germany set up a new government to be Germany set up a new government to be

established on democratic principles and asked established on democratic principles and asked for peace based on the Fourteen Points that for peace based on the Fourteen Points that were the American’s war aims.were the American’s war aims.– Fourteen PointsFourteen Points included self-determination for included self-determination for

nationalities, open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, nationalities, open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, and the establishment of a League of Nations to and the establishment of a League of Nations to keep the peace.keep the peace.

The ArmisticeThe Armistice Germans felt betrayed by the terms of the Germans felt betrayed by the terms of the

treatytreaty Casualties on both sides came to ten million Casualties on both sides came to ten million

dead and over twenty million wounded.dead and over twenty million wounded. The financial resources of Europe were badly The financial resources of Europe were badly

strained and much of Europe was in debt to strained and much of Europe was in debt to Americans. Americans.

The Great War undermined ideals of The Great War undermined ideals of Enlightenment progress and humanism.Enlightenment progress and humanism.

The aftermath of the Great War paved the way The aftermath of the Great War paved the way for the Second World War and much of the for the Second World War and much of the horrors of the rest of the century.horrors of the rest of the century.

The End of the Ottoman The End of the Ottoman EmpireEmpire

Its new leaders, the Young Turks, Its new leaders, the Young Turks, saw their nation divided up amongst saw their nation divided up amongst Britain and France. In its wake was Britain and France. In its wake was the new republic of Turkey.the new republic of Turkey.

The Arab portions of the old empire The Arab portions of the old empire were divided into a collection of were divided into a collection of artificial states with no historical artificial states with no historical reality governed by foreign reality governed by foreign administrators.administrators.

Obstacles the Peacemakers Obstacles the Peacemakers FacedFaced

Public opinion was a major force in politics.Public opinion was a major force in politics. Many of Europe’s ethnic groups agitated for Many of Europe’s ethnic groups agitated for

attention.attention. Wilson’s idealism conflicted with the Wilson’s idealism conflicted with the

practical war aims of the victorious powers.practical war aims of the victorious powers. Some nations had competing claims for Some nations had competing claims for

land.land. The victorious nations feared the spread of The victorious nations feared the spread of

Bolshevism.Bolshevism.

The PeaceThe Peace The Soviet Union and Germany were excluded The Soviet Union and Germany were excluded

from the peace conference for the from the peace conference for the Treaty of Treaty of Versailles.Versailles.

League of Nations was established.League of Nations was established. Colonial areas would be encouraged to advance Colonial areas would be encouraged to advance

towards independence.towards independence. Germany ceded Alsace-Lorraine to France, part of Germany ceded Alsace-Lorraine to France, part of

the Rhine was declared a demilitarized zone, and the Rhine was declared a demilitarized zone, and German military limitations.German military limitations.

Germany was forced to pay all of the damages to Germany was forced to pay all of the damages to the Allies, known as the Allies, known as reparationsreparations and the and the war war guiltguilt clauseclause gave Germany sole responsibility for gave Germany sole responsibility for the war.the war.

Evaluating the PeaceEvaluating the Peace

The peace violated some idealistic The peace violated some idealistic principles.principles.

It left many minorities outside the It left many minorities outside the borders of their national homelands.borders of their national homelands.

By excluding Germany and Russia, By excluding Germany and Russia, the settlement ignored the reality of the settlement ignored the reality of their European influence.their European influence.

Germany felt cheated. Germany felt cheated.