chapter 25
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Chapter 25. The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution. Timeline . Map 25.1: Europe in 1914. The Road to World War I. Nationalism and Internal Dissent Nationalism Liberals claimed that creation of national states would bring peace - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 25
The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:
War and Revolution
Timeline
Map 25.1: Europe in 1914
The Road to World War INationalism and Internal Dissent
Nationalism• Liberals claimed that creation of national states would bring peace• Led to competition instead of cooperation• Brinkmanship
Internal dissent• Ethnic tensions• Growing power of Socialist labor movements
MilitarismConscriptionInfluence of military leaders
The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914The effects of the Balkan Wars prior to 1914Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophia, June 28, 1914Germany gives “full support” to AustriaRussian mobilizationSchlieffen Plan
THE ROAD TO WAR
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
Identify the rapid train of events or the immediate causes of the Great WarDiscuss the decisions made or not made by European leadersDiscuss how leadership determines the fate of nations
OBJECTIVES
A Family Feud?
Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901)
“GRANNY”9 Children
GrandsonsTsar Nicholas II-Russia
r.1894-1917
King George V-GBr. 1910-1936
Grandson
Wilhelm II-Germany
r. 1888-1918
Others…
Albert I-Belgium Franz Joseph
2nd Cousin Great Uncle
Alexandra-German Princess, wife of Nicholas II, grandaughter of Q.V.
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II [Rus]
George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Allied Powers:
Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel III [It]
Central Powers:
Enver Pasha[Turkey]
• KING ALBERT / BELGIUM• KING PETER I / ALEXANDER I / SERBIA YUGOSLAVIA• KING CAROL I / FERDINAND I / ROMANIA• KING CONSTANTINE / GREECE• TSAR FERDINAND I / BULGARIA• EMPEROR FRANZ JOSEPH I / KARL I / AUSTRIA-HUNGARY • CZAR NICHOLAS II/ GRAND DUKE MIKHAIL / RUSSIA• KING GEORGE V / UNITED KINGDOM• KING VITTORIO EMANUELE III / ITALY• KAISER WILHELM II/ GERMANY• SULTAN MEHMED V / MEHMED VI / OTTOMAN EMPIRE
L E A D E R S H I P
FREDERICK I I Ir. 1888 - 99 days
Son of Wilhelm I (r. 1861-1888)
Year of the Three EmperorsWilhelm I (r. 1861-1888)
Frederick III – 99 daysWilhelm II – (r. 1888-1918)
Liberal ideologyHistorical irony
Fashoda Crisis (1898)Russo-Japanese War (1905)First Moroccan Crisis (1905)Bosnian Crisis (1908)Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)First Balkan War (1912)Second Balkan War (1913)
“SOME DAMN THING IN THE
BALKANS”
Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914
First Moroccan Crisis (1905) Germany is going to test the waters between Britain and France. (Would Bismarck have let it get to this point? Would he be this reckless?)Germany promotes Moroccan Independence…obviously goading the French, who control Morocco!
Yet, when the issue was brought before international purview in 1906, Germany was summarily defeated, and both the United States and Britain sided with France.
Ironically, because Germany had tried to push France around, it only brought France and Britain together!
Europe in 1914
The Balkans in
1914
First Balkan War – Oct. 1912 – May 1913Balkan League (Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Bulgaria) vs. Ottoman EmpireSecond Balkan War – June 1913 – Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece
M.A.I.N.Causes of the War
M. I.
Militarism …a.k.a: “Arms Race”
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
ExpendituresFrance 10%Britain 13%Russia 39%
Germany
73%
“mechanism of great standing armies and large navies, with the attendant evils of espionage, suspicion, fear, and hatred”existence of a powerful class of military officers who tend to dominate over the civilian authorities -Sydney B. Fay
The build up of armies, navies, fortification of national boundaries, armament race, reservesNEW WEAPONSTanks, submarines, machine guns, planes, gasIntelligence, Communication, TransportationWar Plans, War CollegesIndustrial Revolution Technology
Militarism …a.k.a: “Arms Race”
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
ExpendituresFrance 10%Britain 13%Russia 39%
Germany
73%
1910-1914 increased military expendituresFrance – 10%British – 13%Russia – 39%Germany – 73%
All Continental European countries since 1870France – Revolutionary WarsAustria-Hungary – 1868Germany – 1870Italy – 1873Russia – 1874WWI – “million man” militaryGermany – 2 million
COUNTRIES STANDING MOBILIZED
Russia 5,971,000 12,000,000
France 4,017,000 8,410,000
Great Britain 975,000 8,905,000
Italy 1,251,000 5,615,000
United States 200,000 4,355,000
Japan 800,000 800,000
Romania 290,000 750,000
Serbia 200,000 707,000
Belgium 117,000 267,000
Greece 230,000 230,000
Portugal 40,000 100,000
Montenegro 50,000 50,000
Germany 4,500,000 11,000,000
Austria-Hungary 3,000,000 7,800,000
Turkey 210,000 2,850,000
Bulgaria 280,000 1,200,000
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Bolt action rifle Machine Guns
Maxim Machine Gun - 400-600 rounds per minute
Artillery Big BerthaKrupp Armaments2,200 pound shell 9 miles
PlanesFirst used for Reconnaissance Wright Brothers (1903)“Red Baron” Manfred von Richtohfen (1892-1918)80 confirmed victories
The Zeppelin
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
“No Man’s Land”
Trench warfare“Stalemate”Harsh conditionsDisease RodentsLiceTrench foot
TANKSEvolutionary ProcessIndustrial Revolution – Caterpillar Tracks – Steam Tractor
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
Tank Production 1916-18
Year UK France Germany Italy USA
1916 150 - - - -
1917 1,277 800 - - -
1918 1,391 4,000 20 6 84
New French Recruits
Britain and Germany chief rivals1900 German Navy Law – double the size 1909-1911 – Tirpitz PlanBritish produced the first DreadnoughtGermany built 9 DreadnoughtsBritish 18 DreadnoughtsWAR = GERMAN WORLD POWER
U-Boats
Alliance SystemWhat is the ultimate goal of an alliance system?
“The secret of politics?
Make a good treaty with
Russia.”
“the greatest single underlying cause of the War was a system of secret alliances which developed after the Franco-Prussian War” – Sydney B. Fay
What is Bismarck’s goal here?
1. Three Emperors’ League (1873) Ger, A-H, Rus.
2. Dual Alliance (1879) Ger. & A-H3. Triple Alliance (1882) Ger, A-H, It.4. Reinsurance Treaty (1887) restore
relations between Ger. & Rus.
Alliances… Alliances … Alliances… Alliances…
Dual Alliance 1879Germany and Austria HungaryWHY? To protect themselves from Russia
Austro-Serbia 1881Austria Hungary and SerbiaWHY? To protect themselves from Russia
Triple Alliance 1882Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyWHY?To stop Italy with taking sides with Russia
Franco-Russian Alliance 1894France and RussiaWHY?To protect herself from Austria-Hungary and Germany*Ended France’s isolation
Entente Cordiale 1904“understanding” b/w Britain and France*brings Britain out of “splendid isolation”
Anglo-Russian Entente 1907“understanding” b/w Britain and Russia
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE 1907 Britain, France, and RussiaCENTRAL POWERS Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey
“the greatest single underlying cause of the War was a system of secret alliances which developed after the Franco-Prussian War” – Sydney B. Fay
Imperialism Colonial
Rivalries:
Africain
1914
Economic Imperialism - “embraces a series of international rivalries which resulted in large part from the Industrial Revolution in England and its subsequent introduction into the other great countries of the world.”
– Sydney B. Fay
New Imperialism“Scramble for Asia and Africa”Intensification of arms raceHostility among powersStrengthened Alliances, Ententes
REASONS FOR IMPERIALSM?POWER, PRESTIGEGERMANY “WELTPOLITIK”NATURAL RESOURCESNEW MARKETS FOR MANUFACTURED GOODSPROFIT MOTIVECHRISTIANITY – “GOD, GLORY, GOLD”CIVILIZED SOCIETY?
I M P E R I A L I S M
Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914
Completed in 1891. Longest railroad in the world at that time!
E – Economic M – Military P – Political I – Ideological R – Religious E – Exploratory
I M P E R I A L I S M
"The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and
allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen
apart." - Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart, Ch.
20
• Ironically, imperialist rivalries of the European Powers – contributed to Europe’s world supremacy
• While also contributing to the disaster of WWI which led to the collapse of that supremacy
I M P E R I A L I S M
The British Empire in 1914
NationalismMakes it difficult for nations to compromise what they perceived as their national honor
jingoism
Feeds the ethnic tensions in the Balkans that will draw Austria and Russia into conflict and starts the dominos falling!
Mass Politics
Intellectucal Contextndustrial
RevolutionMany felt war was natural
product of human advancement!
The Congress of Vienna 1815Nationalism ignore in favor of peaceNation building – Italy (1861) and Germany (1871)Pan-slavismAustria – Hungary = Pan -Germanism
Pan-Germanism - movement to unify the people of all German speaking countries
Austria *Belgium DenmarkIceland Germany *Liechtenstein *
Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland *United Kingdom
* = German speaking country
Germanic Countries
Nation? State? Nation-State?State – human created boundaries – central authority, sovereign, laws, rulesNation - group of people who see themselves linked to one another- ethnically, culturally, or linguistically (psychological feeling)Nation-State - inhabitants to some degree, consider themselves to be a nation with human created boundaries and a single gov’tNationalism – psychological force that binds together people who identify themselves with each other
• Double – edged sword • Utilized to unify Germany and Italy• Threatened the very existence of Austria-Hungary
and the Ottoman Empire• Different Types • Economic Nationalism• Militant Nationalism• Dynastic Nationalism• Czechs, Poles, Serbs, Croats, Slovaks, Rumanians
• Nations stressed homogeneity of ethnicity
• Charles Darwin – Origin of Species
• Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer – survival of the “fittest”
• Superiority of the white race• Racism justified imperialism• Progress – Modernization
On the dawn of WWI…it breaks down to