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TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER XX Chapter Title696
Why It Matters
TurbulentDecades
1919ndash1945
People of Palermo Sicilywelcome American forces
July 1943
As you study Unit 9 you will exam-ine how the Great Depression affected
peoplersquos lives and the nation as awhole You will also learn about the
causes of World War II The followingresources offer more information
about this period in American history
Primary Sources LibrarySee pages 974ndash975 for primary source
readings to accompany Unit 9 Use the American History
Primary Source Document LibraryCD-ROM to find additional primary
sources about the Great Depressionand World War II
General George A Pattonrsquos helmet
AJ-696
null
26226845
ldquoThe only thingwe have to fear is
fear itselfrdquomdashFranklin Delano Roosevelt 1933
698
Jazz Age1919ndash1929
Why It MattersPeople called the 1920s the Jazz Agemdashin part because of the popular new musicmdash
but also because of the restless carefree spirit of the time The economy boomed andmany Americans prospered Many Americans however did not share in the economic
gains of this era
The Impact TodayThe 1920s produced striking new changes in American society New forms of entertain-
ment such as radio and film remain popular today The automobile forever changed theAmerican way of life It helped shift homes shops and factories from the inner cities to
the suburbs
The American Journey Video The chapter 24 video ldquoThe Jazz Agerdquoexplores the development of jazz music in American culture
1920bull Prohibition begins
bull Nineteenth Amendment grants woman suffrage
1922bull Joycersquos Ulysses published
bull Mussolini becomes prime minister of Italy
Harding1921ndash1923
1924bull National Origins
Act passed
1923bull Duke Ellington forms
Washingtonians
Coolidge1923ndash1929
The
1925bull Scopes Trial
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
1921 1923 1925
AJ-698
null
46602577
699
1927bull Lindbergh flies across Atlantic
bull Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs
bull The Jazz Singer the first moviewith sound premiers
1927bull Working model of
television demonstrated
bull Lemaitre proposes big bang theory
1929bull Hubble proposes theory
of expanding universe
bull US stock market crash triggers global depression
HISTORY
Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 24mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information
Safety Last Actor Harold Lloydrsquos movie adventures symbolized the thrillsand excitement of the Jazz Age
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
1927 1929
1928bull Kellogg-Briand Pact signed
by 15 nations
bull Fleming discovers penicillin
Step 1 Fold a sheet of notebook paper in halffrom side to side
Step 2 On one side cut along every third line
Step 3 Label your foldable as you read thechapter The first vocabulary term is labeled in themodel below
Tabs will formas you cut
Usually forms10 tabs
Explaining Vocabulary Study FoldableTo fully understand what you read you must beable to identify and explain key vocabulary termsUse this foldable to identify define and useimportant terms in Chapter 24
Reading and Writing As you read the chapterwrite key vocabulary terms on the front tabs ofyour foldable Then write the definition of eachterm under the tab and write a sentence usingeach term correctly
Capitalism
700
1914Marcus Garvey founds Universal Negro Improvement Association
1917Bolsheviks seizecontrol of Russia
1920Thousands arrestedduring Palmer raids
1921Sacco and Vanzettideclared guilty
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
On a hot summer day in 1920 about 50000 African Americans marched throughthe streets of Harlem in New York City Thousands more lined the sidewalks cheeringthe marchers Their leader Marcus Garvey stirred new hope in African Americans say-ing ldquoWe are descendants of a people determined to suffer no longerrdquo A participant atthe march later recalled ldquoIt was the greatest demonstration of [African American unity]in American history rdquo
Fear of RadicalismMost of the 1920s was anything but unified During World War I the United
States government had taken away some of the liberties of American citizensMany people who opposed the nationrsquos role in the war were arrested After thewar an atmosphere of distrust remained Tired of war and world responsibili-ties Americans were eager to return to normal life They grew more and moresuspicious of foreigners foreign ideas and those who held views differentfrom their own
In 1919 Wilson and the world leaders attending the peace conference signedthe Treaty of Versailles Despite Wilsonrsquos efforts however the Senate refused toratify the treaty
Main IdeaWorld War I made some Americansintolerantmdashnot willing to respect thebeliefs or practices of others
Key Termscapitalism anarchist deport
Reading StrategyAnalyzing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and answer the question foreach blank
Read to Learnbull what factors contributed to preju-
dice toward foreignersbull how the labor and racial unrest of
the 1920s affected the nation
Section ThemeContinuity and Change After WorldWar I conflicts came to the surfaceespecially among workers and differ-ent races
Time Of Turmoil
Marcus Garvey
What was it
The Red Scare
Sacco-Vanzetti trial
UNIA
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1910 1915 1920 1925
AJ-700
null
76747734
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age 701701
At about the same time the Russian Revolu-tion deeply disturbed some Americans As youread in Chapter 23 the Bolsheviks took control ofRussia in November 1917 and began establishinga Communist state They encouraged workersaround the world to overthrow capitalismmdashaneconomic system based on private property andfree enterprisemdashanywhere it existed ManyAmericans feared that ldquobolshevismrdquo threatenedAmerican government and institutions
Fanning those fears were the actions of anarchistsmdashpeople who believe there shouldbe no government A series of anarchist bomb-ings in 1919 frightened Americans A numberof public officialsmdashmayors judges and theattorney general of the United Statesmdashreceivedpackages containing bombs One bomb blewoff the hands of the maid of a United Statessenator Many of the anarchists were foreign-born which contributed to the fear of foreign-ers that was sweeping the country
The Red ScareThis wave of fear led to the Red Scare a
period when the government went afterldquoRedsrdquomdashas Communists were knownmdashandothers with radical views In late 1919 and early
1920 Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer andhis deputy J Edgar Hoover ordered the arrestof people suspected of being Communists andanarchists Palmer and Hoover also staged raidson the headquarters of various ldquosuspiciousrdquogroups In the raids the government arrested afew thousand people ransacked homes andoffices and seized records They did not find thelarge stockpiles of weapons and dynamite theyclaimed they were seeking
Palmer said the raids were justified ldquoTheblaze of revolution was sweeping over everyAmerican institution of law and orderrdquo hedeclared ldquoburning up the foundations of soci-etyrdquo The government deportedmdashexpelled fromthe United Statesmdasha few hundred of the aliens ithad arrested but quickly released many othersfor lack of evidence In time people realized thatthe danger of revolution was greatly exagger-ated The Red Scare passedmdashbut the fear under-lying it remained
Sacco and VanzettiFear of immigrants and radical ideas surfaced
in a criminal case in Massachusetts in 1920 Twomen robbed a shoe factory in South BraintreeMassachusetts shooting and killing a guard and
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti enter a Massachusettscourtroom while immigrant protesters in New York Citydemand the freedom of the two men What did the Saccoand Vanzetti case reveal about the feelings of manyAmericans
History
AJ-701
null
14696361
paymaster Soon afterward the police arrestedItalian immigrants Nicola Sacco and BartolomeoVanzetti for the crime The two men were triedand convicted in July 1921 and were sentenced to death
The Sacco and Vanzetti case created a furorNeither man had a criminal record Both menwere anarchists and Sacco owned a pistol simi-lar to the murder weapon Future SupremeCourt justice Felix Frankfurter wrote a defense ofthe two men Chief Justice William Howard Taftattacked Frankfurter for ldquovicious propagandardquo
Many Americans demanded that the deathsentence be carried out In 1927 a special com-mission appointed by the governor of Massa-chusetts upheld the verdict Sacco andVanzettimdashproclaiming their innocencemdashwereexecuted While historians continue to debatethe verdict the case suggested the depth of feel-ings against foreigners and radicals in theUnited States in the 1920s
Explaining What is capitalism based on
Labor UnrestDuring the war years labor and management
had put aside their differences A sense of patri-otism high wages and wartime laws kept con-flict to a minimum When the war ended conflictflared anew American workers demanded
increases in wages to keep up with rap-idly rising prices They launched morethan 2500 strikes in 1919 The wave ofstrikes fueled American fears of Bolshe-viks and radicals whom many consid-ered to be the cause of the labor unrest
Strikes Sweep CountryA long and bitter strikemdashthe largest
in American history to that pointmdashoccurred in the steel industry Demand-ing higher wages and an eight-hourworkday about 350000 steelworkerswent on strike in September 1919
Using propaganda techniques learned duringthe war the steel companies started a campaignagainst the strikers In newspaper ads theyaccused the strikers of being ldquoRed agitatorsrdquoCharges of communism cost the strikers muchneeded public support and helped force themto end the strikemdashbut not before violence hadoccurred on both sides Eighteen strikers haddied in a riot in Gary Indiana
In September 1919 police officers in Bostonwent on strike demanding the right to form aunion This strike by public employees angeredmany Americans and they applauded the strongstand Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidgetook against the strikers Coolidge said
ldquoThere is no right to strike against the publicsafety by anybody anywhere any timerdquo
When the strike collapsed officials fired theentire Boston police force Most Americansapproved of the decision
Workers found themselves deeper in debtbecause of rising prices and unchanged wagesStill labor unions failed to win wide supportamong working families Many Americans con-nected unions with radicalism and bolshevism A growing feeling against unions together with strong pressure from employers and thegovernment not to join unions led to a sharpdrop in union membership in the 1920s
During this period of union decline a dynamicAfrican American A Philip Randolph startedthe Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Made
702 CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
Strikes such as the 1919 steel strike lessened publicsupport for labor unions
AJ-702
null
21614261
up mostly of African Americans this union ofrailroad workers struggled during its early yearsbut began to grow in the 1930s when govern-ment policy encouraged unions In the 1950s andthe 1960s Randolph would emerge as a leader ofthe civil rights movement
Summarizing What was the out-come of the Boston police strike
Racial UnrestDuring World War I more than 500000
African Americans had left the South for newjobs in the North Many Northern whites resented African American competition for jobs
In 1919 rising racial tensions led to violenceIn the South more than 70 African Americanswere lynched In Chicago a violent riot brokeout after a group of whites stoned an AfricanAmerican youth who was swimming in LakeMichigan The youth drowned and the inci-dent set off rioting For two weeks AfricanAmerican and white gangs roamed city streetsattacking each other and burning buildingsThe riot left 15 whites and 23 African Ameri-cans dead and more than 500 people injured
Many African Americans turned to MarcusGarvey for answers Marcus Garvey was bornto a poor family in Jamaica the youngest of 11children Educated as a journalist and filledwith ambition Garvey arrived in New YorkCity at the age of 28 A powerful leader with amagnetic personality Garvey opposed integra-tion Instead he supported a ldquoback-to-Africardquomovement urging African Americans to estab-lish their own country in Africa Garveyfounded the Universal Negro ImprovementAssociation (UNIA) in 1914 to promote racialunity and pride
During the 1920s Garvey gained an enor-mous following and great influence especiallyamong the urban poor Garvey told audiencesthat ldquoto be a Negro is no disgrace but anhonorrdquo With branches in many states theUNIA organized rallies and parades to buildpride and confidence among African Ameri-cans It helped African Americans start busi-nesses One African American newspapersummed up Garveyrsquos achievements ldquoHetaught [African Americans] to admire andpraise black things and black peoplerdquo
Explaining Did Marcus Garvey sup-port or oppose integration Explain
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Define each of the
following terms capitalism anarchist deport
2 Reviewing Facts Who were Saccoand Vanzetti Explain how the fear ofradicals and foreigners affected theoutcome of the Sacco and Vanzettitrial
Reviewing Themes3 Continuity and Change Why was
there a sharp drop in union member-ship during the 1920s
Critical Thinking4 Drawing Conclusions Suppose you
are making a video about the life ofMarcus Garvey If he could speak toAmerican youth today what state-ment might he make
5 Making Generalizations Re-createthe diagram below and list the reasons organized labor had fordemanding better wages after the war
Analyzing Visuals6 Picturing History Compare the pho-
tographs of the demonstrators onpages 701 and 702 What are thepurposes of the demonstrations Inwhat ways are the photos similarDifferent
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age 703
Descriptive Writing Make a list of three to five adjectives that youthink describe the mood of thecountry during this era Draw orpaint these adjectives on posterboard in a way that expresses thewordsrsquo meanings
Reasons for demanding better wages
AJ-703
null
14785185
1920Warren G Harding iselected president
1922Senate investigatesTeapot Dome lease
1923Calvin Coolidgebecomes president
1928Kellogg-Briand Pactaims to outlaw war
Main IdeaThe Harding and Coolidge administra-tions stressed a return to governmentas it had been before progressivismand World War I
Key Termslease isolationism
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and describe the policies theHarding and Coolidge administrationsfollowed
Read to Learnbull what problems faced the Harding
presidencybull what policies Presidents Harding
and Coolidge followed in businessand foreign affairs
Section ThemeContinuity and Change PresidentsHarding and Coolidge promised toreturn America to normalcy after the war
Desire for Normalcy
Warren G Harding attracted attention with his friendly personality fine voice andhandsome appearance These glowing assets could easily make Harding presidentthought political strategist Harry Daugherty As Hardingrsquos campaign manager Daugh-erty took credit for prodding Harding into the 1920 presidential race ldquoI found him sun-ning himself like a turtle on a log and I pushed him into the waterrdquo
The Harding PresidencyIn the summer of 1920 the Republicans gathered in Chicago to nominate a
candidate for president Although confident of victory in the upcoming electionthey had no outstanding leaders to head the party ticket As one Republican noted ldquoThere ainrsquot any first raters this yearrdquo So party bosses chose ldquothe best of thesecond ratersrdquo as their presidential candidatemdashSenator Warren G Harding ofOhio Harding had earned a reputation as a loyal Republican and Ohio politicalboss Harry Daugherty pushed through his nomination
HardingCoolidge decal 1920
704 CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
Administration policies
Domestic affairs Foreign affairs
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1920 1925 1930
AJ-704
null
6891141
705CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
Sensing Americansrsquo longing for calm and sta-bility after decades of progressive reform andworld war Harding declared in his campaignthat ldquoAmericarsquos present need is not heroics buthealingrdquo He promised a return to ldquonormalcyrdquoWhat Harding meant by ldquonormalcyrdquo was notreally clear but the word sounded reassuring tothose Americans who wanted an end to foreigninvolvement and domestic turmoil
As Hardingrsquos running mate the Republicansnominated Massachusetts governor CalvinCoolidge who was recognized for his firm standin the Boston police strike The Harding-Coolidgeticket won a landslide victory in November1920mdashthe first presidential election in whichwomen could vote The Republicans defeated theDemocratic candidate Governor James Cox ofOhio and his young running mate FranklinDelano Roosevelt of New York The Republicansalso made large gains in Congress
Harding admitted having doubts about hisqualifications for the presidency He reportedlytold a friend ldquoI knew that this job would be too much for merdquo He tried to compensate by appointing several talented people to thecabinetmdashCharles Evans Hughes a formerSupreme Court justice as secretary of stateAndrew Mellon a prominent Pittsburghbanker and financier to head the TreasuryDepartment and Herbert Hoover a talentedorganizer as secretary of commerce
The ldquoOhio GangrdquoPresident Harding also gave jobs in govern-
ment to many of his friends and political sup-portersmdashthe so-called Ohio Gang He appointedHarry Daugherty attorney general He namedSenator Albert Fall of New Mexico a closefriend secretary of the interior Charles Forbesanother friend became head of the VeteransBureau Other friends of Harding filled officesthroughout the administration
Many of these appointees were unqualifiedsome turned out to be corrupt By 1922 Wash-ington buzzed with rumors of scandals withinthe Harding administration Forbes convictedof stealing funds from the Veterans Bureau fledto avoid imprisonment Daugherty was accusedof receiving bribes but refused to resign
Teapot Dome ScandalThe biggest scandal of the Harding adminis-
tration involved Albert Fall In 1922 Fall secretlyleased or rented government oil reserves in ElkHills California and Teapot Dome Wyomingto the owners of two oil companies In exchangeFall received more than $400000 After the scan-dal became public Fall was convicted of briberyand sent to prison becoming the first cabinetofficer ever to go to jail Teapot Dome became asymbol of the corruption in the Harding admin-istration and of government corruption andscandal in general
Harding himself was not directly involved inany scandals but as the rumors spread he grewincreasingly distressed ldquoI have no trouble withmy enemiesrdquo he said ldquoBut my friends theyrsquorethe ones that keep me walking the floor nightsrdquo
Warren G Harding conducted a successful ldquofrontporchrdquo campaign for the presidency in 1920
AJ-705
null
17287961
In the summer of 1923 before the full story ofthe scandals came out Harding escaped thestresses of Washington DC by taking a tripwest During the trip he became ill suffered aheart attack and died
Vice President Calvin Coolidge was visitinghis father in Vermont when he was awakened inthe early morning hours of August 3 1923 withthe news of President Hardingrsquos deathCoolidgersquos father a justice of the peace adminis-tered the presidential oath of office Then the newpresidentmdashin characteristic Coolidge fashionmdashcalmly turned off the lights and went back to bed
Honesty Returns to the White HouseCalvin Coolidge was in many ways the com-
plete opposite of Harding While Harding lovedto talk and meet people Coolidge said very little and earned the name ldquoSilent Calrdquo In addi-tion Coolidge had a reputation for honestyAfter becoming president he allowed the inves-tigations into the Harding scandals to proceedwithout interference He fired Daugherty andreplaced the remaining members of the OhioGang with honest officials
Although Coolidge and Hardingdiffered in style they held similarpolitical views Coolidge believed thatthe best government was the leastgovernment and that governmentshould not interfere in the life of thenation He once said approvingly ldquoIfthe federal government should go outof existence the common run of thepeople would not detect the differencefor a considerable length of timerdquo
A Friend to BusinessUnder President Coolidge the government
took an active role in supporting business Asthe president explained ldquoThe chief business ofthe American people is business The manwho builds a factory builds a templerdquo
Coolidge and the Republican-dominatedCongress aimed to create a favorable climate forbusiness to promote the nationrsquos economic pros-perity The government lowered income taxrates on the wealthiest Americans and on corpo-rate profits and cut government spending Italso raised tariffs to protect American businessand overturned laws regulating child labor andwages for women
A New TermCoolidge seemed to be exactly what the coun-
try wanted At the Republican national conven-tion in 1924 the president was nominatedwithout opposition The Democrats took morethan 100 ballots to nominate a little-knownlawyer John W Davis of West Virginia as theirpresidential candidate Wisconsin senator RobertLa Follette led a third party the Progressives in
706 CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
The cartoonist uses familiar images of the 1920s rdquoBig Businessrdquo portrayed as a carefree rdquoflapperrdquo girldances to jazz music played by President Coolidge What was the relationship between government and business during Coolidgersquos presidency
Analyzing Political Cartoons
AJ-706
null
1451871
the race Coolidge swept the 1924 presidentialelection with 54 percent of the popular voteFor the first time in Americarsquos history womenwon governorsrsquo racesmdashNellie Tayloe Ross inWyoming and Miriam Ferguson in Texas
Comparing Do you think Coolidgefollowed Hardingrsquos policies about business Explain
Foreign PolicyHarding and Coolidge both favored a limited
role for the nation in world affairs They desiredworld peace but did not want the nation to jointhe League of Nations or become involved ininternational disagreements Harding hadpromised the American people that he wouldnot lead them into the League ldquoby the side doorback door or cellar doorrdquo Many Americanssupported this policy of isolationism
Promoting PeaceThe Harding administration made serious
efforts to promote peace After the war theUnited States Great Britain and Japan began anaval arms race In 1921 Secretary of StateHughes invited Japan and Britain to Washing-ton DC to discuss the problem In February1922 the three nations along with France andItaly signed the Five-Power Treaty to limit the
size of the nationsrsquo navies The treaty markedthe first time in modern history that world pow-ers agreed to disarm
The United States continued working forpeace In August 1928 it joined 14 other nations in signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact whichcalled for outlawing war Within a few years 48other nations had signed the pact but it lackedany means of enforcing peace
A More Friendly NeighborThe United States had intervened in Latin
American countries several times in the early1900s to support American business interestsWhen Harding took office American troopswere stationed in Haiti the DominicanRepublic and Nicaragua and relations withMexico were tense
After the Dominican Republic and Nicaraguaheld elections in the mid-1920s the UnitedStates withdrew its troops from those countries
At about the same time American investorsasked President Coolidge to send troops intoMexico when its government threatened to takeover foreign-owned oil and mining companiesCoolidge chose to negotiate instead and theUnited States reached a settlement with Mexico
Explaining Why would the Kellogg-Briand Pact prove to be ineffective
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use the terms lease and
isolationism in separate sentencesthat will help explain their meanings
2 Reviewing Facts Where was TeapotDome What did Teapot Dome cometo symbolize
Reviewing Themes3 Continuity and Change What
actions did the United States take topromote world peace in the 1920s
Critical Thinking4 Comparing What role did Harding
and Coolidge think the governmentshould play in peoplersquos lives
5 Making Generalizations Re-create the diagram below and list two waysthe United States governmentworked to promote American business
Analyzing Visuals6 Political Cartoons Study the car-
toon on page 706 Who do the fig-ures represent What image of theFederal government does the cartoonportray
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age 707
Art Draw a political cartoon that illustrates an example of anevent that took place during theHarding presidency Make sure to include a caption with your cartoon
Promoting business
AJ-707
null
15380836
708 CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
Making GeneralizationsWhy Learn This Skill
If you say ldquoWe have a great football teamrdquo you aremaking a generalization or general statement aboutyour team If you go on to say that your team has notlost a game this season and is the top-ranked teamyou are providing evidence to support your general-ization When you are studying history it is often nec-essary to put together pieces of information calledsupporting statements to arrive at a full picture
Learning the SkillIn some cases authors provide only supporting
statements and you need to make the generalizationson your own
To make generalizations follow these stepsbull Identify the subject matterbull Gather facts and examples related to itbull Identify similarities or patterns among these
factsbull Use these similarities or patterns to form some
general ideas about the subject
Practicing the SkillRead the passage and the generalizations Thenanswer the questions that follow
By 1927 4 out of 5 cars had closed topscompared with only 1 in 10 in 1919 Nowprotected from the weather many familieshopped into their cars for short day tripsMany city workers moved to houses in thenew suburbs Car owners now traveled easilyto once-distant places bringing far-flungAmericans together for the first time
Generalizations About the Automobilea Automobiles were too expensive to buyb The automobile changed American culture in
many waysc Many businesses arose from the need to serv-
ice the newly mobile nationd Suburbs grew as a result of the automobile
1 Which of the generalizations above are sup-ported by the details in this passage
2 Write one or two statements that support each ofthese generalizations
3 Which of the generalizations are not supportedby the passage Explain
Applying the SkillMaking Generalizations Make a general statement about your class that describes it Thenwrite three or four supporting details for that generalization
Glencoersquos Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM Level 1 providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills
Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking
Traffic jam 1920s
AJ-708
null
12883319
709
1920sStock market booms
1922GNP reaches $70 billion
1924Model T sells for lessthan $300
1929Electricity runs 70 percent of factories
Main IdeaThe United States experienced peri-ods of prosperity and economicexpansion during the 1920s
Key Termsrecession gross national productproductivity installment buying
Reading StrategyAnalyzing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and describe how these ideasaffected the American economy
Read to Learnbull how the prosperity of the 1920s
affected the nation and the Ameri-can people
bull what impact the automobile had onAmerican life
Section ThemeEconomic Factors After a brief post-war recession the American economybegan a steady growth that lasted formost of the 1920s
A BoomingEconomy
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
During the ldquogolden age of the automobilerdquo in the 1920s the car became a vital partof many Americansrsquo lives A mother of nine children said that her family ldquowould ratherdo without clothes than give up the carrdquo In the past they had wanted to visit her sister-in-law but by the time the children were ldquoshoed and dressedrdquo there wasnrsquot any moneyleft to pay for trolley fare ldquoNow no matter how [the children] look we just poke lsquoem inthe car and take lsquoem alongrdquo
Growth in the 1920sAfter World War I the American economy experienced problems readjusting
to peacetime Millions of soldiers returned entering the labor force and com-peting for jobs Government orders for wartime goods came to a halt forcingmany companies to lay off workers Other companies went bankrupt Pricesrose making it hard for workers to make ends meet This economic downturnor recession lasted about two years The economy then began a steady growththat lasted most of the decade In 1922 the nationrsquos gross national product
1920s gas pump
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1920 1925 1930
Effect on economy
Scientific management
Assembly line
Installment buying
AJ-709
null
8009123
(GNP)mdashthe total value of all goods and servicesproducedmdashwas $70 billion By 1929 it had risento $100 billion
Technology made rapid industrial growthpossible and electricity powered Americanindustry Before World War I only 30 percent offactories were run by electricity By 1929 this fig-ure had risen to 70 percent Electricity wascheaper than steam power By cutting costs busi-nesses could lower prices and increase profits
Scientific ManagementNew ways of managing operations contrib-
uted to economic growth as well Many employ-ers used scientific managementmdashhiring expertsto study how goods could be produced morequickly By adopting new work methodsbusinesses tried to lower costs and increaseproductivitymdashthe amount of work eachworker could do
Many businesses adopted mass productiontechniques using the assembly line which was
first introduced in Henry Fordrsquos automobile fac-tories Assembly line methods increased pro-ductivity and cut production costs
Worker RelationsBusinesses tried to build better relations with
workers Many companies set up safety pro-grams that lowered the risk of death or injury onthe job Some began to provide health and acci-dent insurance Many companies encouragedworkers to buy stock in the company Thesestepsmdashknown as welfare capitalismmdashweredesigned to link workers more closely to thecompany they worked for Business also adoptedthese steps to discourage workers from joiningindependent unions
The Consumer EconomyAmerican industry changed in another way
as well As electricity became more availabledemand grew for appliances using electricpower By the 1920s more than 60 percent ofAmerican households had electricity Con-sumers eagerly acquired refrigerators stovesvacuum cleaners fans and radios As demandfor these items grew more and more of themwere produced leading to reduced productioncosts and lower prices Between 1920 and 1929for example the cost of a refrigerator droppedfrom $600 to $300
These appliances transformed daily life Peo-ple did not have to spend as much time on house-hold chores Now they had more leisure time
In the 1920s successful companies joined withor purchased competitors Three companiesmdashFord General Motors and Chryslermdashdomi-nated the auto industry One grocery chainmdashtheGreat Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company(AampP)mdashhad more than 15000 stores across thecountry Businesses became national as theproducts of many local companies werereplaced by national brands
To market those national brands businessesspent more and more money on advertisingPropaganda techniques learned during WorldWar I were now used to persuade consumers tobuy a particular brand of toothpaste clothingor soap Newspapers and magazines were filled
710 CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
Source Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial Times to 1970
Sale
s (in
thou
sand
s of a
utom
obile
s)
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
Year
Auto Sales 1920ndash1929
A drop in auto sales occurred in 1927 whenFord stopped producing the Model T Sixmonths later his new Model A was produced
Comparing About how many more autoswere sold in 1928 than in 1924
AJ-710
null
19456335
HenryFordrsquosAssemblyLineThe industrial boom of the1920s owed much to theassembly line Henry Fordfirst used in 1913ndash1914Parts moved on a conveyorbelt Workers attached theparts to cars moving pastthem at a steady speed of
six feet perminute How largewas Fordrsquosplant
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
with ads and with the spread of radio a newadvertising formmdashthe commercial announce-mentmdashwas born
Spurred by ads to buy more and more con-sumers found a new way to make those pur-chasesmdashinstallment buying Consumers couldnow buy products by promising to pay smallregular amounts over a period of time Onecritic of installment buying called the system ldquoadollar down and a dollar a week foreverrdquo Theinstallment method of buying boosted con-sumer spending
Explaining Why did the price ofsome consumer goods decrease
The Automobile AgeMore often than not people used the install-
ment plan to buy a new car During the 1920sautomobile registrations jumped from 8 million
to 23 million America quickly became a ldquocar cul-turerdquo in which peoplersquos lives revolved aroundthe automobile The nationrsquos economy toorevolved around the automobile Almost fourmillion Americans worked for auto companies orin related jobs Detroit Michigan became theautomobile manufacturing center of the world
Henry Ford was a pioneer in the manufactureof affordable automobiles with his Model Twhich was built using assembly line methodsThe car was sturdy reliable inexpensive andavailable only in black In 1914 Ford stunned theauto industrymdashand all corporate leaders forthat mattermdashby announcing that he would payhis workers the high wage of $5 per day Work-ers were happy and Ford had more potentialcustomers as he steadily dropped the price ofhis Model T By 1924 the car sold for less than$300 With the average industrial worker earn-ing about $1300 a year many families couldafford to buy a Model T
711
Engines built on the third floorare lowered ontothe chassis
2 3 Radiatorsarrive fromthe far end of the 60-acrefactory
4 Auto bodies are assembled on thesecond floor thenlowered through the ceiling onto the moving chassis
5Tanks filled withone gallon of gasslide from theldquoTank Bridgerdquo
1
23 4 5
Tires are put on thewheels and droppeddown rollways
1
Henry Ford
AJ-711
null
11253363
By the mid-1920sother automobile modelschallenged the Model TGeneral Motors cut intoFordrsquos sales by offering aline of cars in a range ofcolors and with featuresto improve passengercomfort In 1927 Ford
responded with the Model A which had betterengineering and came in several colors Out ofthis competition came the practice of introducingnew car models each year
Effect on Other IndustriesThe automobile had a tremendous impact on
other American industries Americansrsquo love ofdriving called for new roads and highwaysHighways in turn needed gas stations and reststops Businesses along major roads profitedfrom the millions of people now traveling aroundthe country by car Tourism grew dramatically
The car boom affected industries that madeproducts used in cars The steel rubber andglass industries grew During the 1920s the oilindustry shifted from producing lubricants torefining gasoline for automobiles
The automobile dramatically changed thelives of many Americans Travel for pleasurebecame a regular part of American life Peoplecould now go wherever they wished Cars also
712 CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
Economic growth
contributed to the spread of suburbs Becausepeople could now drive to work they could livein a suburb and still hold a job in the city
Those Left BehindDespite all the signs of prosperity many
Americans did not share in the boom of the1920s Farmers had an especially difficult timeDuring the war the federal government hadpurchased wheat corn and other products andfarmers had prospered from higher pricesWhen the war ended farmers had to competewith European agriculture again Food pricesfell and farm income plummeted Unable to paytheir debts many farmers lost their farms
Farmers were not the only ones feeling thepinch Those who worked in the railroad and coalmining industries had a difficult time as truckstook business from railroads and electricityreplaced coal as a power source Americans nowwere buying less cotton and more clothes madeof synthetic fibers As cotton prices plungedmany textile factories were forced to shut downWages rose slightly for most workers but the costof living rose more By 1929 nearly three-fourthsof families had incomes below $2500 theaccepted level necessary for a comfortable life
Explaining What action did HenryFord take when other auto manufacturers offered new linesof cars
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 24mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on the his-tory of the automobile
Math Research the total auto salesfor a recent 10-year period Com-pare your findings with the graphon page 710 Write a paragraphcomparing the two sets of figuresInclude any conclusions you reach
Checking for Understanding
1 Key Terms Define each of the fol-lowing terms recession grossnational product productivityinstallment buying
2 Reviewing Facts Describe the eco-nomic problems that existed inAmerica after World War I
Reviewing Themes
3 Economic Factors How did the autoindustry help boost other industries
Critical Thinking
4 Drawing Conclusions How did wel-fare capitalism discourage peoplefrom joining unions
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and identify threefactors that helped to bring about astrong economy
Analyzing Visuals
6 Graph Skills Study the graph onpage 710 In which year did autosales first pass three million
By the mid-1920sother automobile modelschallenged the Model TGeneral Motors cut intoFordrsquos sales by offering aline of cars in a range ofcolors and with featuresto improve passengercomfort In 1927 Ford
responded with the Model A which had betterengineering and came in several colors Out ofthis competition came the practice of introducingnew car models each year
Effect on Other IndustriesThe automobile had a tremendous impact on
other American industries Americansrsquo love ofdriving called for new roads and highwaysHighways in turn needed gas stations and reststops Businesses along major roads profitedfrom the millions of people now traveling aroundthe country by car Tourism grew dramatically
The car boom affected industries that madeproducts used in cars The steel rubber andglass industries grew During the 1920s the oilindustry shifted from producing lubricants torefining gasoline for automobiles
The automobile dramatically changed thelives of many Americans Travel for pleasurebecame a regular part of American life Peoplecould now go wherever they wished Cars also
712 CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
Economic growth
contributed to the spread of suburbs Becausepeople could now drive to work they could livein a suburb and still hold a job in the city
Those Left BehindDespite all the signs of prosperity many
Americans did not share in the boom of the1920s Farmers had an especially difficult timeDuring the war the federal government hadpurchased wheat corn and other products andfarmers had prospered from higher pricesWhen the war ended farmers had to competewith European agriculture again Food pricesfell and farm income plummeted Unable to paytheir debts many farmers lost their farms
Farmers were not the only ones feeling thepinch Those who worked in the railroad and coalmining industries had a difficult time as truckstook business from railroads and electricityreplaced coal as a power source Americans nowwere buying less cotton and more clothes madeof synthetic fibers As cotton prices plungedmany textile factories were forced to shut downWages rose slightly for most workers but the costof living rose more By 1929 nearly three-fourthsof families had incomes below $2500 theaccepted level necessary for a comfortable life
Explaining What action did HenryFord take when other auto manufacturers offered new linesof cars
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 24mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on the his-tory of the automobile
Math Research the total auto salesfor a recent 10-year period Com-pare your findings with the graphon page 710 Write a paragraphcomparing the two sets of figuresInclude any conclusions you reach
Checking for Understanding
1 Key Terms Define each of the fol-lowing terms recession grossnational product productivityinstallment buying
2 Reviewing Facts Describe the eco-nomic problems that existed inAmerica after World War I
Reviewing Themes
3 Economic Factors How did the autoindustry help boost other industries
Critical Thinking
4 Drawing Conclusions How did wel-fare capitalism discourage peoplefrom joining unions
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and identify threefactors that helped to bring about astrong economy
Analyzing Visuals
6 Graph Skills Study the graph onpage 710 In which year did autosales first pass three million
AJ-712
null
16206386
713
1920Nineteenth Amendmentgrants woman suffrage
1924Congress passes National Origins Act
1927Lindbergh flies soloacross the Atlantic
1928Herbert Hoover iselected president
Main IdeaMany Americans favored traditionalvalues while others favored change
Key Termsflapper mass media expatriate Prohibition nativism quota system evolution
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and describe the accomplish-ments of these individuals
Read to Learnbull how lifestyles in America changed
in the 1920sbull what cultural clashes occurred in
the United States in the 1920s
Section ThemeContinuity and Change The RoaringTwenties were a time of changing atti-tudes and clashing cultures
The RoaringTwenties
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
On the evening of May 19 1927 a young pilot named Charles Lindbergh learnedthat although it was drizzling on Long Island the weather reports predicted fair skiesfor his miraculous trip He decided to get ready Throughout a sleepless night Lind-bergh made the final preparations for takeoff Shortly before 800 AM Lindberghclimbed into his aircraft and took off for Paris With the news of his departure ldquoflashingalong the wiresrdquo the American people were united in ldquothe exaltation of a commonemotionrdquo All minds and hearts were focused on the brave pilot who was crossing thevast Atlantic Ocean
New DirectionsIn May 1927 aviator Charles Lindbergh became the first person to fly alone
across the Atlantic Ocean He did so in a tiny single-engine plane named theSpirit of St Louis Americans went wild and hailed a new hero Cities across thenation held parades to honor Lindberghmdashin New York City well-wishers threw
Song sheet honoringLindbergh
Accomplishments
Charles Lindbergh
Bessie Smith
Langston Hughes
Ernest Hemingway
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1920 1925 1930
AJ-713
null
7873294
started professional careers and more womenworked after marriage But the vast majority ofmarried women remained within the homeworking as homemakers and mothers
The flapper symbolized the new ldquoliberatedrdquowoman of the 1920s Pictures of flappersmdashcare-free young women with short ldquobobbedrdquo hairheavy makeup and short skirtsmdashappeared inmagazines Many people saw the bold boyishlook and shocking behavior of flappers as a signof changing morals Though hardly typical ofAmerican women the flapper image reinforcedthe idea that women now had more freedom Pre-war values had shifted and many people were
beginning to challenge traditional ways
Describing What did theNineteenth Amendment guarantee
EntertainmentChanges in attitudes spread quickly
because of the growth of mass mediamdashforms of communication such as newspa-pers and radio that reach millions of peopleLaborsaving devices and fewer workinghours gave Americans more leisure time Inthose nonworking hours they enjoyed tabloid-style newspapers large-circulation magazinesphonograph records the radio and the movies
The Movies and RadioIn the 1920s the motion picture industry in Hol-
lywood California became one of the countryrsquosleading businesses For millions of Americans themovies offered entertainment and escape
The first movies were black and white andsilent with the actorsrsquo dialog printed on thescreen and a pianist playing music to accom-pany the action In 1927 Hollywood introducedmovies with sound The first ldquotalkierdquo The JazzSinger created a sensation
The radio brought entertainment into peo-plersquos homes in the 1920s In 1920 the first com-mercial radio broadcast which carried thepresidential election returns was transmitted bystation KDKA in Pittsburgh In the next threeyears nearly 600 stations joined the airwaves
1800 tons of papers t re a m e r s mdash a n dnewspapers reportedon his every move The nationalembrace of Lindbergh showed what one histo-rian called a ldquodelighted concern over things thatwere exciting but didnrsquot matter profoundlyrdquo
Changes for WomenThe 1920s did bring profound changes for
women One important change took place withthe ratification of the Nineteenth Amendmentin 1920 The amendment guaranteed women inall states the right to vote Women also ran forelection to political offices (See page 249 for the text
of the Nineteenth Amendment)
Throughout the 1920s the number of womenholding jobs outside the home continued togrow Most women had to take jobs consideredldquowomenrsquosrdquo work such as teaching and workingin offices as clerks and typists At the same timeincreasing numbers of college-educated women
714 CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
Flappers reflected themodern spirit of theJazz Age
Movie poster 1926
AJ-714
null
17591011
715CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
The networks broadcast popular programsacross the nation The evening lineup of programsincluded something for everyonemdashnews con-certs sporting events and comedies Radiooffered listeners a wide range of musicmdashoperaclassical country and western blues and jazzAmos lsquonrsquo Andy and the Grand Ole Opry wereamong the hit shows of the 1920s Families satdown to listen to the radio together
Businesses soon realized that the radio offeredan enormous audience for messages about theirproducts so they began to help finance radio programs Radio stations sold spot advertise-ments or commercials to companies
Sports and FadsAmong the favorite radio broadcasts of the
1920s were athletic events Baseball footballand boxing soared in popularity Americansflocked to sporting events and more people par-ticipated in sports activities as well
Sports stars became larger-than-life heroesBaseball fans idolized Babe Ruth the great out-fielder who hit 60 home runs in 1927mdasha recordthat would stand for 34 years Football star RedGrange who once scored four touchdowns in 12minutes became a national hero Golfer BobbyJones and Gertrude Ederle the first woman toswim the English Channel became householdnames
In the 1920s Americans took up newactivities with enthusiasm turning them intofads The Chinese board game mah-jongg(mahbullZHAHNG) and crossword puzzles wereall the rage Contests such as flagpole sitting anddance marathonsmdashoften lasting three or fourdaysmdashmade headlines Americans also lovedthe Miss America Pageant which was first heldin 1921
Comparing What fads were popu-lar in the 1920s What are two comparable fads today
The Jazz AgeDuring the 1920s people danced to the beat of
a new kind of music called jazz Jazz capturedthe spirit of the era so well that the 1920s is oftenreferred to as the Jazz Age
Jazz had its roots in the South in AfricanAmerican work songs and in African music Ablend of ragtime and blues it uses dynamicrhythms and improvisationmdashnew rhythms andmelodies created during a performance Amongthe best-known African American jazz musi-cians were trumpeter Louis Armstrong pianistand composer Duke Ellington and singerBessie Smith White musicians such as PaulWhiteman and Bix Biederbecke also played jazzand helped bring it to a wider audience
Interest in jazz spread through radio andphonograph records Jazz helped create aunique African American recording industryEqually important jazz gave America one of itsmost distinctive art forms
Harlem RenaissanceThe rhythm and themes of jazz inspired the
poetry of Langston Hughes an African Ameri-can writer In the 1920s Hughes joined thegrowing number of African American writersand artists who gathered in Harlem an AfricanAmerican section of New YorkCity Hughes described hisarrival in Harlem
ldquoI can never put onpaper the thrill of theunderground ride toHarlem I went up thesteps and out into thebright September sunlightHarlem I stood theredropped my bags took a deepbreath and felt happy againrdquo
Harlem witnessed a burst of creativity in the1920smdasha flowering of African American culturecalled the Harlem Renaissance This movementinstilled an interest in African culture and pridein being African American
During the Harlem Renaissance many writ-ers wrote about the African American experi-ence in novels poems and short stories Alongwith Hughes were writers like James WeldonJohnson Claude McKay Countee Cullen andZora Neale Hurston
Langston Hughes
AJ-715
null
23286261
A Lost Generation of WritersAt the same time that the Harlem Renaissance
blossomed other writers were questioningAmerican ideals Disappointed with Americanvalues and in search of inspiration they settledin Paris These writers were called expatriatesmdashpeople who choose to live in another countryWriter Gertrude Stein called these rootlessAmericans ldquothe lost generationrdquo
Novelist F Scott Fitzgerald and his wifeZelda joined the expatriates in Europe In TenderIs the Night Fitzgerald wrote of people who hadbeen damaged emotionally by World War IThey were dedicated he said
ldquoto the fear of poverty and the worship of successrdquo
Another famous American expatriate wasnovelist Ernest Hemingway whose books TheSun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms reflectedthe mood of Americans in postwar Europe
While some artists fled the United States oth-ers stayed home and wrote about life in AmericaNovelist Sinclair Lewis presented a critical view
716 CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
Based in New Orleans King Oliverrsquos Creole Jazz Band was one of the best
and most important bands in early jazz
Bessie Smith
of American culture in such books as Main Streetand Babbitt Another influential American writerwas Sherwood Anderson In his most famousbook Winesburg Ohio Anderson explored small-town life in the Midwest
Describing What type of music didLouis Armstrong play
ProhibitionDuring the 1920s the number of people living
in cities swelled and a modern industrial soci-ety came of age Outside of the cities manyAmericans identified this new urban societywith crime corruption and immoral behaviorThey believed that the America they knew andvaluedmdasha nation based on family church andtraditionmdashwas under attack Disagreementgrew between those who defended traditionalbeliefs and those who welcomed the new
The clash of cultures during the 1920s affectedmany aspects of American life particularly theuse of alcoholic beverages The temperancemovement the campaign against alcohol usehad begun in the 1800s The movement was
Jazz record label
AJ-716
null
13311736
717CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
rooted both in religious objections to drinkingalcohol and in the belief that society would ben-efit if alcohol were unavailable
The movement finally achieved its goal in1919 with the ratification of the EighteenthAmendment to the Constitution This amend-ment established Prohibitionmdasha total ban onthe manufacture sale and transportation ofliquor throughout the United States Congresspassed the Volstead Act to provide the means ofenforcing the ban In rural areas in the Southand the Midwest where the temperance move-ment was strong Prohibition generally suc-ceeded In the cities however Prohibition hadlittle support The nation divided into twocamps the ldquodrysrdquomdashthose who supported Prohi-bitionmdashand the ldquowetsrdquomdashthose who opposed it
Consequences of the BanA continuing demand for alcohol led to wide-
spread lawbreaking Some people began mak-ing wine or ldquobathtub ginrdquo in their homes Illegalbars and clubs known as speakeasies sprangup in cities Hidden from view these clubs couldbe entered only by saying a secret password
With only about 1500 agents the federal gov-ernment could do little to enforce the Prohibi-tion laws By the early 1920s many states in theEast stopped trying to enforce the laws
Prohibition contributed to the rise of organizedcrime Recognizing that millions of dollars couldbe made from bootleggingmdashmaking and sellingillegal alcoholmdashmembers of organized crimemoved in quickly and took control They usedtheir profits to gain influence in businesseslabor unions and governments
Crime boss Al ldquoScarfacerdquo Caponecontrolled organized crime and localpolitics in Chicago Defending hisinvolvement in illegal alcoholCapone said
ldquoI make my money by supplying a popular demand If I break the lawmy customers are as guilty as I amrdquo
Eventually Capone was arrestedand sent to prison
Over time many Americans realized that theldquonoble experimentrdquo as Prohibition was calledhad failed Prohibition was repealed in 1933 withthe Twenty-first Amendment (See pages 249 and
250 for the text of the Eighteenth and Twenty-first Amendments)
Analyzing Why was Prohibition difficult to enforce
NativismThe anxieties many native-born Americans
felt about the rapid changes in society con-tributed to an upsurge of nativismmdashthe beliefthat native-born Americans are superior to for-eigners With this renewed nativism came arevival of the Ku Klux Klan
As you read in Chapter 17 the first Klan hadbeen founded in the 1860s in the South to con-trol newly freed African Americans through theuse of threats and violence The second Klanorganized in 1915 still preyed on African Amer-icans but it had other targets as wellmdashCatholicsJews immigrants and other groups believed torepresent ldquoun-Americanrdquo values
In the 1920s the new Klan spread from theSouth to other areas of the country gainingconsiderable power in such states as Indianaand Oregon and in many large cities For themost part the Klan used pressure and scaretactics to get its way but sometimes Klanmembers whipped or lynched people orburned property
The Klan began to decline in the late 1920showever largely as a result of scandals and
power struggles involving Klan leadersMembership shrank and politicians
who had been supported by the Klanwere voted out of office
The concerns of the Red Scaredays had not completely disap-peared Some Americans fearedforeign radicals would overthrow
the government Others believedforeigners would take away their
jobs This anti-immigrant prejudicewas directed mainly at southern andeastern Europeans and AsiansAl Capone
AJ-717
null
22465936
In 1921 Congress responded to nativist fears by passing the Emergency Quota Act This lawestablished a quota system an arrangement plac-ing a limit on the number of immigrants fromeach country According to the act only 3 percentof the total number of people in any nationalgroup already living in the United States wouldbe admitted during a single year Because therehad been fewer immigrants from southern andeastern Europe than from northern and westernEurope at that time the law favored northern and western European immigrants
Congress revised the immigration law in1924 The National Origins Act reduced theannual country quota from 3 to 2 percent andbased it on the census of 1890mdashwhen evenfewer people from southern or eastern Europelived in America The law excluded Japaneseimmigrants completely An earlier law passedin 1890 had already excluded the Chinese
These quota laws did not apply to countriesin the Western Hemisphere As a result immi-gration of Canadians and Mexicans increasedBy 1930 more than one million Mexicans hadcome to live in the United States
Describing What is a quota system
The Scopes TrialAnother cultural clash in the 1920s involved
the role of religion in society This conflictgained national attention in 1925 in one of themost famous trials of the era
In 1925 the state of Tennessee passed a lawmaking it illegal to teach evolutionmdashthe scien-tific theory that humans evolved over vast periods of time The law was supported byChristian fundamentalists who accepted thebiblical story of creation The fundamentalistssaw evolution as a challenge to their values andtheir religious beliefs
A young high school teacher named JohnScopes deliberately broke the law against teach-ing evolution so that a trial could test its legalityScopes acted with the support of the AmericanCivil Liberties Union (ACLU) During the swel-tering summer of 1925 the nation followed day-to-day developments in the Scopes trial withgreat interest More than a hundred journalistsfrom around the country descended on DaytonTennessee to report on the trial
Two famous lawyers took opposing sides inthe trial William Jennings Bryan Democraticcandidate for president in 1896 1900 and 1908
718 CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age
Part Native AmericanWill Rogers grew up inthe West roping cattleand riding on the rangeHe landed jobs with WildWest shows and soon per-fected his riding andtrick-roping act whichalong with his personalityand sense of humor madehim a star
By 1920 Will Rogerswas starring on both
stage and screen A daily newspaper col-umn he started in 1926spread his humorousviews on life and poli-tics Claiming ldquoI donrsquotmake jokesmdashI justwatch the governmentand report the factsrdquo hepoked fun in a light-hearted way and wasnever hostile One of hisfavorite sayings was
ldquoI never met a man I didnrsquot likerdquo
By the late 1920saudiences were listeningto his commentary onthe radio To AmericansRogers had become anational treasure Theymourned when Rogersdied in a plane crashnear Point BarrowAlaska in August 1935
AJ-718
null
14769511
and a strong opponent of evolution led theprosecution Clarence Darrow who haddefended many radicals and labor union mem-bers spoke for Scopes
Although Scopes was convicted of breakingthe law and fined $100 the fundamentalistslost the larger battle Darrowrsquos defense made itappear that Bryan wanted to impose his reli-gious beliefs on the entire nation The Ten-nessee Supreme Court overturned Scopesrsquosconviction and other states decided not toprosecute similar cases
The Scopes case may have dealt a blow to fun-damentalism but the movement continued tothrive Rural people especially in the South andMidwest remained faithful to their religiousbeliefs When large numbers of farmersmigrated to cities during the 1920s they broughtfundamentalism with them
Explaining What law did Scopeschallenge
The Election of 1928In 1927 President Coolidge shocked everyone
by announcing that he would not run for a sec-ond full term Herbert Hoover declared his can-didacy for the Republican nomination
During World War I Hoover had won respectas the head of a committee providing food relieffor Europe He showed such a gift in the rolethat ldquoto Hooverizerdquo came to mean ldquoto econo-mize to save and sharerdquo Later Hoover servedPresidents Harding and Coolidge as secretary ofcommerce
Hoover worked tirelessly to promote cooper-ation between government and business Asymbol of the forward-looking middle class heeasily won the Republican nomination
The Democrats chose a far different kind ofcandidatemdashAlfred E Smith governor of NewYork The son of immigrants and a man of thecity Smith opposed Prohibition and champi-oned the poor and the working class As thefirst Roman Catholic nominee for presidentSmith was the target of anti-Catholic feelingHoover won the election by a landslide due toboth the Republican prosperity of the 1920s andthe prejudice against Smith The contestreflected many of the tensions in American soci-etymdashrural versus urban life nativism versusforeign influences ldquowetsrdquo versus ldquodrysrdquoProtestants versus Catholics traditional valuesversus modern values
Identifying Who was elected presi-dent in 1928
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use each of these terms
in a sentence that will help explain itsmeaning flapper mass mediaexpatriate Prohibition nativismquota system evolution
2 Reviewing Facts What was theHarlem Renaissance Name two writ-ers associated with it
Reviewing Themes3 Continuity and Change How did
the Scopes trial reflect the desire ofmany Americans to return to tradi-tional values
Critical Thinking4 Making Generalizations Why do
you think Gertrude Stein referred tomany American writers as ldquothe lostgenerationrdquo
5 Drawing Conclusions Re-create thediagram below and describe howeach person contributed to his or herfield
Analyzing Visuals6 Picturing History Study the photos
on page 716 What does the mood ofthe country seem to be at this timeWrite a short paragraph in which youexplain your analysis
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age 719
Reading Find and read a poem bya writer who interests you Findillustrations and photographs thathelp to communicate the meaningof the poem Display the poem andillustrations on poster board
Contribution
Sherwood Anderson
Countee Cullen
Louis Armstrong
AJ-719
null
15130035
720
Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use the following vocabulary wordsto write two paragraphs about the decade of the 1920s1 isolationism 4 Prohibition2 gross national product 5 quota system3 installment buying
Reviewing Key Facts6 What is capitalism7 How did Calvin Coolidge respond to the 1919 Boston
police strike8 Who were the presidential candidates in 19209 What did the Five-Power Treaty limit
10 What is installment buying11 What did Charles Lindbergh accomplish12 Name three important jazz musicians
Critical Thinking13 Determining Cause and Effect How was the Red
Scare used to turn the public against unions14 Reviewing Themes Global Connections How did
President Harding feel about the League of Nations15 Analyzing Information What new forms of entertain-
ment were available to the American people in the1920s as a result of new technology
16 Economic Factors Re-create the diagram below anddescribe what you think are the advantages and disad-vantages of scientific management
Citizenship Cooperative Activity17 The Political Process With a partner find out how
political parties in your state nominate candidates foroffice Then interview neighbors who are active in apolitical party If any of them have participated in thenominating process ask them about their experiencesPrepare a brochure on the nominating process to dis-tribute in your neighborhood
The Jazz AgeTime of Turmoilbull Fear of communism grows
bull Labor strikes occur
bull Racial tensions grow
bull Voters elect leaders who promise isolation
bull Hardingrsquos administration is marred by scandal
bull Coolidge continues Hardingrsquos pro-business economic policies
A BoomingEconomybull Demand grows for products
bull Installment buying boosts consumer spending
bull The auto industry brings benefits and changes
The RoaringTwentiesbull Women gain the right to vote
through the Nineteenth Amendment
bull Mass media grows
bull Entertainment industry grows
bull Harlem Renaissance instillsinterest in African culture
Clashing Culturesbull The Eighteenth Amendment establishes Prohibition
The Twenty-first Amendment repeals Prohibition
bull Nativism helps revive the Ku Klux Klan
bull Congress passes quota laws to limit immigration
bull The Scopes trial symbolizes the tensions of the 1920s
Scientific managementAdvantages Disadvantages
CHAPTER 24 The Jazz Age 721
Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question
In 1920 women won an important victory when theNineteenth Amendment was ratified What did thisamendment accomplish
F It required colleges to accept womenG It guaranteed equal wages for equal workH It banned discrimination in the workplaceJ It granted women the right to vote
Test-Taking Tip
Eliminate answers that donrsquot make sense For examplechoice F is unlikely because the Nineteenth Amendment
did not require colleges to accept women Use theprocess of elimination to find the right answer
Standardized Test Practice
HISTORYSelf-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 24mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter testGeography and History Activity
Study the graph below then answer the questions that follow
18 What information is presented on the graph19 What percentage of emigrants came from Asia in 192520 During which year shown was emigration from Canada
the highest21 From what region was emigration the highest in 192122 Use information presented in the graph to confirm or dis-
prove this generalization The percentage of emigrantsfrom Canada remained constant throughout the decade
Practicing Skills23 Making Generalizations Over a period of weeks read
the editorials in your local newspaper Then write a list ofgeneralizations about the newspaperrsquos position on issuessuch as politics or crime
Economics Activity24 Working with a partner contact your local chamber of
commerce to learn about some of the major businessesor industries in your area Next conduct a business surveyin your neighborhood Find out where people work whattype of work they do and how long they have workedEncourage the people you survey to learn more aboutlocal businesses
Alternative Assessment25 Portfolio Project Research the lives of people who were
teenagers during the 1920s Your local history museumor back issues of newspapers may be helpful Try to learnabout some of the following topics education styles ofclothing forms of recreation and music Look for picturesthat record styles of clothing hairdos and social eventsof the period Report your findings orally to the classThen file your written summary in your portfolio
Source Historical Statistics of the United States Colonial Times to 1970
Perc
ent o
f tot
al
05
1921 1925 1930
656055504540353025201510
Year
Northern andWestern Europe
Southern andEastern Europe
Canada Other areasrepresent lessthan 1 ofthe total
Asia
Latin America
US Immigration 1921ndash1930
- The American JourneymdashIllinois Edition
-
- Illinois Learning Standards for Social Science
- How Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the Standards
- How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge of Social Science
- The Illinois Constitution A Summary
- Table of Contents
-
- Previewing Your Textbook
- Scavenger Hunt
- How Do I Study History
- The Structure of Illinois Government
- Constitution Test Practice
- Reading Skills Handbook
-
- Identifying Words and Building Vocabulary
- Reading for a Reason
- Understanding What You Read
- Thinking About Your Reading
- Understanding Text Structure
- Reading for Research
-
- National Geographic Reference Atlas
-
- United States Political
- United States Physical
- United States Territorial Growth
- North America Physical
- North America Political
- Middle East PhysicalPolitical
- World Political
- United States Facts
-
- Geography Handbook
-
- What Is Geography
- How Do I Study Geography
- How Do I Use Maps
- How Does Geography Influence History
- Geographic Dictionary
-
- Be an Active Reader
- Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1625
-
- Chapter 1 The First Americans Prehistory to 1492
-
- Section 1 Early Peoples
- Section 2 Cities and Empires
- Section 3 North American Peoples
- Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 2 Exploring the Americas 1400ndash1625
-
- Section 1 A Changing World
- Section 2 Early Exploration
- Section 3 Spain in America
- Section 4 Exploring North America
- Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 2 Colonial Settlement 1587ndash1770
-
- Chapter 3 Colonial America 1587ndash1770
-
- Section 1 Early English Settlements
- Section 2 New England Colonies
- Section 3 Middle Colonies
- Section 4 Southern Colonies
- Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 4 The Colonies Grow 1607ndash1770
-
- Section 1 Life in the Colonies
- Section 2 Government Religion and Culture
- Section 3 France and Britain Clash
- Section 4 The French and Indian War
- Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 3 Creating a Nation 1763ndash1791
-
- Chapter 5 Road to Independence 1763ndash1776
-
- Section 1 Taxation Without Representation
- Section 2 Building Colonial Unity
- Section 3 A Call to Arms
- Section 4 Moving Toward Independence
- The Declaration of Independence
- Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 6 The American Revolution 1776ndash1783
-
- Section 1 The Early Years
- Section 2 The War Continues
- Section 3 The War Moves West and South
- Section 4 The War Is Won
- Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 7 A More Perfect Union 1777ndash1790
-
- Section 1 The Articles of Confederation
- Section 2 Convention and Compromise
- Section 3 A New Plan of Government
- Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
-
- Civics in Action A Citizenship Handbook
-
- Section 1 The Constitution
- Section 2 The Federal Government
- Section 3 Citizens Rights and Responsibilities
- Handbook Assessment
-
- The Constitution of the United States
-
- Unit 4 The New Republic 1789ndash1825
-
- Chapter 8 A New Nation 1789ndash1800
-
- Section 1 The First President
- Section 2 Early Challenges
- Section 3 The First Political Parties
- Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era 1800ndash1816
-
- Section 1 The Republicans Take Power
- Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase
- Section 3 A Time of Conflict
- Section 4 The War of 1812
- Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion 1790ndash1825
-
- Section 1 Economic Growth
- Section 2 Westward Bound
- Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism
- Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 5 The Growing Nation 1820ndash1860
-
- Chapter 11 The Jackson Era 1824ndash1845
-
- Section 1 Jacksonian Democracy
- Section 2 Conflicts Over Land
- Section 3 Jackson and the Bank
- Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny 1818ndash1853
-
- Section 1 The Oregon Country
- Section 2 Independence for Texas
- Section 3 War with Mexico
- Section 4 New Settlers in California and Utah
- Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 13 North and South 1820ndash1860
-
- Section 1 The Norths Economy
- Section 2 The Norths People
- Section 3 Southern Cotton Kingdom
- Section 4 The Souths People
- Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 14 The Age of Reform 1820ndash1860
-
- Section 1 Social Reform
- Section 2 The Abolitionists
- Section 3 The Womens Movement
- Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 6 Civil War and Reconstruction 1846ndash1896
-
- Chapter 15 Road to Civil War 1820ndash1861
-
- Section 1 Slavery and the West
- Section 2 A Nation Dividing
- Section 3 Challenges to Slavery
- Section 4 Secession and War
- Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 16 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
-
- Section 1 The Two Sides
- Section 2 Early Years of the War
- Section 3 A Call for Freedom
- Section 4 Life During the Civil War
- Section 5 The Way to Victory
- Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath 1865ndash1896
-
- Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
- Section 2 Radicals in Control
- Section 3 The South During Reconstruction
- Section 4 Change in the South
- Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 7 Reshaping the Nation 1858ndash1914
-
- Chapter 18 The Western Frontier 1858ndash1896
-
- Section 1 The Mining Booms
- Section 2 Ranchers and Farmers
- Section 3 Native American Struggles
- Section 4 Farmers in Protest
- Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 19 The Growth of Industry 1865ndash1914
-
- Section 1 Railroads Lead the Way
- Section 2 Inventions
- Section 3 An Age of Big Business
- Section 4 Industrial Workers
- Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 20 Toward an Urban America 1865ndash1914
-
- Section 1 The New Immigrants
- Section 2 Moving to the City
- Section 3 A Changing Culture
- Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 8 Reform Expansion and War 1865ndash1920
-
- Chapter 21 Progressive Reforms 1877ndash1920
-
- Section 1 The Progressive Movement
- Section 2 Women and Progressives
- Section 3 Progressive Presidents
- Section 4 Excluded from Reform
- Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 22 Overseas Expansion 1865ndash1917
-
- Section 1 Expanding Horizons
- Section 2 Imperialism in the Pacific
- Section 3 Spanish-American War
- Section 4 Latin American Policies
- Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 23 World War I 1914ndash1919
-
- Section 1 War in Europe
- Section 2 Americas Road to War
- Section 3 Americans Join the Allies
- Section 4 The War at Home
- Section 5 Searching for Peace
- Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 9 Turbulent Decades 1919ndash1945
-
- Chapter 24 The Jazz Age 1919ndash1929
-
- Section 1 Time of Turmoil
- Section 2 Desire for Normalcy
- Section 3 A Booming Economy
- Section 4 The Roaring Twenties
- Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 25 The Depression and FDR 1929ndash1941
-
- Section 1 The Great Depression
- Section 2 Roosevelts New Deal
- Section 3 Life During the Depression
- Section 4 Effects of the New Deal
- Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 26 World War II 1939ndash1945
-
- Section 1 Road to War
- Section 2 War Begins
- Section 3 On the Home Front
- Section 4 War in Europe and Africa
- Section 5 War in the Pacific
- Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 10 Turning Points 1945ndash1975
-
- Chapter 27 The Cold War Era 1945ndash1954
-
- Section 1 Cold War Origins
- Section 2 Postwar Politics
- Section 3 The Korean War
- Section 4 The Red Scare
- Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 28 America in the 1950s 1953ndash1960
-
- Section 1 Eisenhower in the White House
- Section 2 1950s Prosperity
- Section 3 Problems in a Time of Plenty
- Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Era 1954ndash1973
-
- Section 1 The Civil Rights Movement
- Section 2 Kennedy and Johnson
- Section 3 The Struggle Continues
- Section 4 Other Groups Seek Rights
- Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 30 The Vietnam Era 1960ndash1975
-
- Section 1 Kennedys Foreign Policy
- Section 2 War in Vietnam
- Section 3 The Vietnam Years at Home
- Section 4 Nixon and Vietnam
- Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 11 Modern America 1968ndashPresent
-
- Chapter 31 Search for Stability 1968ndash1981
-
- Section 1 Nixons Foreign Policy
- Section 2 Nixon and Watergate
- Section 3 The Carter Presidency
- Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 32 New Challenges 1981ndashPresent
-
- Section 1 The Reagan Presidency
- Section 2 The Bush Presidency
- Section 3 A New Century
- Section 4 The War on Terrorism
- Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
-
- Appendix
-
- What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One
- Primary Sources Library
- Presidents of the United States
- Documents of American History
- Supreme Court Case Summaries
- Gazetteer
- Glossary
- Spanish Glossary
- Index
- Acknowledgements and Photo Credits
-
- Feature Contents
-
- Primary Sources Library
- Documents of Americas Heritage
- More Abouthellip
- What Life Was Likehellip
- National Geographic Geography amp History
- Americas Literature
- Two Viewpoints
- Technology and History
- Linking Past amp Present
- What Ifhellip
- Hands-On History Lab Activity
- TIME Notebook
- Why It Matters
- Causes and Effects
- SkillBuilder
-
- Critical Thinking
- Social Studies
- Study amp Writing
- Technology
-
- People In History
- Fact Fiction Folklore
- Primary Source Quotes
- Charts amp Graphs
- Maps
-
- Student Workbooks
-