Chapter 24: :Life in emerging Chapter 24: :Life in emerging Urban SocietyUrban Society

London, as seen here in the 1840’s was the London, as seen here in the 1840’s was the first to face the problems of urbanizationfirst to face the problems of urbanization

What are What are some causes some causes of the of the population population growth in growth in London?London?

People seeking People seeking employment employment opportunityopportunity

The Steam The Steam Engine Engine allowed allowed industrialists industrialists to move their to move their factories factories where there where there were workers were workers available.available.

The infant The infant mortality rate mortality rate decreased and decreased and the discovery of the discovery of inoculations inoculations (smallpox) (smallpox) allowed people allowed people to live longerto live longer

What are some problems that cities faced What are some problems that cities faced in the 19in the 19thth century? century?

Problems Cities Faced in the Problems Cities Faced in the 1919thth century century

• The lack of public transportationThe lack of public transportation• OvercrowdingOvercrowding• DiseasesDiseases• Lack of Sanitary Conditions Lack of Sanitary Conditions

(Sewage)(Sewage)• Poor HousingPoor Housing

Who or what was Who or what was responsible for responsible for these awful living these awful living conditions?conditions?

1.) The total 1.) The total absence of absence of transportation transportation made people made people jam themselves jam themselves together so together so they were able they were able to walk to to walk to shops and shops and factoriesfactories

2.) The 2.) The government was government was slow to provide slow to provide sanitary facilities sanitary facilities and adequate and adequate building codes. building codes. (must conduct (must conduct studies)studies)

3.) The legacy 3.) The legacy of rural and of rural and poor housing poor housing had always had always been this way been this way along with some along with some ignorance by ignorance by the upper classthe upper class

People who tried People who tried to solve the to solve the problems with problems with the poor.the poor.

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham developed developed Utilitarianism Utilitarianism - the - the idea that the idea that the government should government should do what is the do what is the “greatest good for “greatest good for the greatest the greatest number.”number.”

People who tried to People who tried to solve the problems solve the problems with the poor.with the poor.

Edwin Chadwick a Edwin Chadwick a commissioner to commissioner to the relief of the relief of paupers studied paupers studied the poor to try and the poor to try and solve the problemsolve the problem

Believed that Believed that disease and death disease and death actually caused actually caused poverty! Why?poverty! Why?

Everyone who is sick Everyone who is sick or dying is usually or dying is usually poor or unemployed.poor or unemployed.

Also believed that Also believed that sickness could be sickness could be prevented by prevented by cleaning up the cleaning up the urban environment urban environment (sanitary idea)(sanitary idea)

Sir Edwin ChadwickRead articles (Poor Law Act, Town Improvements)

The Spreading of Diseases (theory and The Spreading of Diseases (theory and research)research)Miasmatic TheoryMiasmatic Theory – the belief that people – the belief that people contract diseases when they breathe the contract diseases when they breathe the bad odors of decay and excrementbad odors of decay and excrement

The germ theory The germ theory developed by developed by LouisLouis PasteurPasteur began at the began at the request of brewers!request of brewers!

Pasteur found that Pasteur found that fermentation fermentation depended on the depended on the growth of living growth of living organisms and that it organisms and that it could be suppressed could be suppressed by heating the by heating the beverage- beverage- pasteurizationpasteurization

ConclusionConclusion – specific – specific diseases were caused diseases were caused by specific living by specific living organisms called organisms called germsgerms

The Spreading of Diseases (theory and The Spreading of Diseases (theory and research)research)

German scientists began to identify the German scientists began to identify the organisms responsible for each disease – organisms responsible for each disease – vaccinations vaccinations

Joseph ListerJoseph Lister, (1827-1912) an Englishman, , (1827-1912) an Englishman, developed the antiseptic principle. Apply a developed the antiseptic principle. Apply a chemical to a wound, instrument, hands to chemical to a wound, instrument, hands to kill the germs before surgerykill the germs before surgery

ResultsResults: Mortality rates began to decline : Mortality rates began to decline and diseases such as typhoid, typhus, and diseases such as typhoid, typhus, yellow fever and cholera began to yellow fever and cholera began to disappear.disappear.

The Transformation into the Modern City

George Haussmann was placed in charge George Haussmann was placed in charge by Napoleon III of France to redesign and by Napoleon III of France to redesign and rebuild Paris.rebuild Paris.

The Transformation into the Modern City

Better urban planning contributed to Better urban planning contributed to better living conditionsbetter living conditions

Broad, straight, tree-lined boulevards Broad, straight, tree-lined boulevards cut through the center of the citycut through the center of the cityParks were created throughout the city; Parks were created throughout the city; sewers were improved and aqueducts sewers were improved and aqueducts builtbuilt

The Transformation into the The Transformation into the Modern CityModern City

Electric streetcars revolutionized urban Electric streetcars revolutionized urban life and enabled cities to expand.life and enabled cities to expand.

Rich and Poor and Those in Between

The Standard of Living The Standard of Living increased in the increased in the 1860’s to the turn of 1860’s to the turn of the centurythe century

The Middle ClassThe Middle Class

The upper middle class was composed of The upper middle class was composed of successful business, banking, industry, and successful business, banking, industry, and large-scale commerce families.large-scale commerce families.

They were drawn to the aristocratic lifestyle They were drawn to the aristocratic lifestyle with servants, private coaches, and more with servants, private coaches, and more than one home.than one home.

Upper-Middle Upper-Middle Class (5% of Class (5% of population)population)

The Middle ClassThe Middle Class

Traditional Traditional Middle Class Middle Class (20% of the (20% of the population)population)

The Traditional Middle Class was composed of The Traditional Middle Class was composed of independent shop keepers, small traders, and independent shop keepers, small traders, and professionals.professionals.

What makes What makes her look her look middle middle class?class?

People became aware of their attire, their People became aware of their attire, their mannerism, and their appearance to show people mannerism, and their appearance to show people their status in society. (Social Consciousness)their status in society. (Social Consciousness)

Middle Class CultureMiddle Class Culture

Food was the largest expense in a middle class Food was the largest expense in a middle class home (25% of the annual income)home (25% of the annual income)

Middle Class families had servants. The more Middle Class families had servants. The more servants a home employed demonstrated its servants a home employed demonstrated its wealth and social status. (50% of the annual wealth and social status. (50% of the annual income goes to food and servants)income goes to food and servants)

Middle class families were fashion conscious. Middle class families were fashion conscious. Dinner was a formal affair. Usually with 4 courses. Dinner was a formal affair. Usually with 4 courses.

Middle Class CultureMiddle Class Culture

Education was another growing expense. Trying Education was another growing expense. Trying to compete in the continual competitive world; to compete in the continual competitive world; music, books, and travel became a part of music, books, and travel became a part of culture.culture.

The Middle class shared a code of expected The Middle class shared a code of expected behavior.behavior.

Its greatest importance was placed on hard Its greatest importance was placed on hard work, self-discipline, and personal achievement. work, self-discipline, and personal achievement. Sexual purity and fidelity were great virtues. Sexual purity and fidelity were great virtues.

Read Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household ManagementRead Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management

The Urban Social HierarchyThe Urban Social Hierarchy

In Eastern Europe, still small landowning In Eastern Europe, still small landowning peasants and hired farm handspeasants and hired farm handsIn Western Europe, people migrated to the In Western Europe, people migrated to the cities, in G.B. less than 8 percent worked in cities, in G.B. less than 8 percent worked in agricultureagriculture

AristocracyAristocracy

Middle ClassesMiddle Classes•Upper Upper •MiddleMiddle•LowerLower

Working ClassesWorking Classes•Highly Skilled: “Labor Aristocracy”Highly Skilled: “Labor Aristocracy”•SemiskilledSemiskilled•UnskilledUnskilled

(4 out 5 (4 out 5 people)people)

The Working ClassThe Working Class

The highly skilled or “Labor Aristocracy” were The highly skilled or “Labor Aristocracy” were construction bosses, factory foreman, cabinet construction bosses, factory foreman, cabinet makers; men who rose through the ranks were makers; men who rose through the ranks were extremely proud of their accomplishments.extremely proud of their accomplishments.

Upper Upper WorkingWorking Class made Class made up 15% of up 15% of the working the working classclass

Working Class Picnic

Skilled working class’ income rivaled lower middle Skilled working class’ income rivaled lower middle class. They embraced the culture of the middle class. They embraced the culture of the middle class; saved money, worry about education, and class; saved money, worry about education, and valued good housing.valued good housing.

Skilled workers avoided drinking and sexual Skilled workers avoided drinking and sexual permissiveness; Constantly reminded that they permissiveness; Constantly reminded that they could easily slip to the lower working class.could easily slip to the lower working class.

The Working ClassThe Working Class

Lower Lower WorkingWorking ClassClass

Semiskilled workers composed of bricklayers, Semiskilled workers composed of bricklayers, carpenters, pipe fitters, and made relatively carpenters, pipe fitters, and made relatively good wages.good wages.

Unskilled workers included day laborers, wagon Unskilled workers included day laborers, wagon drivers, teenagers, and servantsdrivers, teenagers, and servants1 out of every 7 employees were servants; 1 out of every 7 employees were servants; mainly girls between the ages 15 and 20.mainly girls between the ages 15 and 20.

The Working ClassThe Working Class

Lower Lower WorkingWorking ClassClass

Working class wife/mother had to join the Working class wife/mother had to join the working ranks in the “sweated industries”. working ranks in the “sweated industries”. Working at home getting paid by the piece Working at home getting paid by the piece instead of by the hour.instead of by the hour.

Leisure Time of the Working Leisure Time of the Working Class Class

Drinking was by far the most common practice Drinking was by far the most common practice leisure time activity; became a social activity leisure time activity; became a social activity with women.with women.

Leisure Time of the Working Leisure Time of the Working Class Class

Music (Theatre included) and Sports were Music (Theatre included) and Sports were the other favorite leisure time activitiesthe other favorite leisure time activities

Leisure Time of the Working Leisure Time of the Working Class Class

Religion played an important role in the Religion played an important role in the working class by giving them meaning; working class by giving them meaning; however at the end of the 19however at the end of the 19thth century there century there was a decline. WHY?was a decline. WHY?

1. The construction of churches could not keep 1. The construction of churches could not keep up with the populationup with the population

2. The working class viewed the Church as 2. The working class viewed the Church as conservative in the social structure of things so conservative in the social structure of things so they did not support the Churchthey did not support the Church

Theories on Child DevelopmentTheories on Child Development

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that hysteria Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that hysteria of his patients originated in early childhood of his patients originated in early childhood developmentdevelopment

Freud believed that human behavior is motivated Freud believed that human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs fueled by sexual by unconscious emotional needs fueled by sexual energyenergy

Science in the 1800’sScience in the 1800’s

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics was developed that stated was developed that stated different forms of energy-such as heat, electricity, different forms of energy-such as heat, electricity, and magnetism could be converted but neither and magnetism could be converted but neither created or destroyedcreated or destroyed

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) developed the Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) developed the periodic table and laws.periodic table and laws.

Science in the 1800’sScience in the 1800’s

The effects of Science:

1. An importance was placed on the 1. An importance was placed on the sciences (research and development)sciences (research and development)

2. Science gained prestige among all 2. Science gained prestige among all classes of peopleclasses of people

3. Scientific discoveries resulted in 3. Scientific discoveries resulted in practical benefits for everyone.practical benefits for everyone.

Development of Social SciencesDevelopment of Social Sciences

Definition: applying objective methods of Definition: applying objective methods of science to the study of societyscience to the study of society

Auguste Comte (1798-1857) was a utopian socialist Auguste Comte (1798-1857) was a utopian socialist that wrote the book that wrote the book System of Positive PhilosophySystem of Positive Philosophy and believed that all intellectual activity and believed that all intellectual activity progresses through stagesprogresses through stages

Developed positivist method; applying the Developed positivist method; applying the scientific method to human relations which scientific method to human relations which reinforced the theory of evolution.reinforced the theory of evolution.

Development of Social SciencesDevelopment of Social Sciences

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) asserted that Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) asserted that all forms of life had arisen through a long all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to the process of continuous adjustment to the environment.environment.

Development of Social SciencesDevelopment of Social Sciences

Charles Darwin argued that chance differences Charles Darwin argued that chance differences among the members of a given species help among the members of a given species help some survive while others die. (“survival of the some survive while others die. (“survival of the fittest”)fittest”)

RealismRealism

Literature and Art should depict life exactly as it Literature and Art should depict life exactly as it is.is.

Literature focused on the working urban class and Literature focused on the working urban class and discussed taboo subjects; sex, strikes, violence, discussed taboo subjects; sex, strikes, violence, alcoholismalcoholism

French writers Emile Zola, Balzac, and Flaubert French writers Emile Zola, Balzac, and Flaubert were the most influential.were the most influential.