chapter 24 6 – the pancreas, liver & gallbladder
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 24
6 – The Pancreas, Liver & Gallbladder
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The Pancreas
• The pancreas is a soft, oblong organ connected by ducts to the duodenum; it is both an exocrine gland (secreting pancreatic juice) and an endocrine gland (secreting insulin & glucagon.
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The Pancreas
• The pancreas is made up of two types of glandular epithelial cells:
1. Acini cells
2. Pancreatic islets
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The Pancreas
1. Acini cells make up 99% of the pancreatic cells; they are exocrine cells that secrete a mixture of fluid called pancreatic juice.
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The Pancreas
– The acini cells of the pancreas secrete pancreatic juices into ducts that empty into the small intestine.
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The Pancreas
• Pancreatic juice is a clear colorless liquid consisting of mostly water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate and several enzymes.
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The Pancreas
• **The sodium bicarbonate gives pancreatic juice a slightly alkaline ph (7.1 – 8.2) that buffers acidic gastric juice in chyme, stops the action of pepsin from the stomach, and creates the proper pH for the action of digestive enzymes in the small intestine.
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The Pancreas
• **The enzymes in pancreatic juice include: the starch digesting enzyme (pancreatic amylase), several protein digesting enzymes including (trypsin), the principal triglyceride digesting enzyme (pancreatic lipase), and nucleic acid digesting enzymes.
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The Pancreas
2. Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) make up the remaining 1% of pancreatic cells; they are endocrine cells that secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon.
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The Pancreas
• The two primary types of pancreatic islets are:
I. Alpha cells
II. Beta cells
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The Pancreas
I. Alpha cells are pancreatic islets that secrete the hormone glucagon – increases blood glucose level when it falls below normal.
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The Pancreas
II. Beta cells are pancreatic islets that secrete the hormone insulin – decreases blood glucose level when it is too high.
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The Liver
• The liver is the large organ located under the diaphragm that performs many vital functions; the principle digestive functions of the liver are to produce & secrete bile.
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The Liver
– The liver is divided into two lobes that are made of functional units called lobules (a six sided structure) that consists of hepatocytes.
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The Liver
• Heapatocytes are liver cells that produce bile.
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The Liver
• Bile is a yellowish, brownish or olive-green secretion of the liver that emulsifies lipids prior to their digestion.
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The Liver
• Emulsification is the dispersion of large lipid globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles in the presence of bile.
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The Liver
– The small lipid globules produced by emulsification present a very large surface area that allows pancreatic lipase to more rapidly accomplish digestion of triglycerides.
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The Liver
• In addition to synthesizing and secreting bile, the liver performs the following functions:
– Carbohydrate metabolism
– Lipid metabolism
– Protein metabolism
– Processing drugs
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The Liver
• Liver functions cont’:
– Excretion of bilirubin
– Storage
– Phagocytosis
– Activation of vitamin D
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The Gallbladder
• The gallbladder is a small pouch, located inferior to the liver, that stores bile and empties by means of the cystic duct.
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Homework
• Finish handout:
– “The pancreas, Liver & Gallbladder”
• Study for mini-quiz