chapter 23: structural drafting structural engineering is generally associated with commercial steel...
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Chapter 23: Structural Drafting
Structural engineering is generally associated with commercial steel
and concrete buildings, and in some situations, it is also used for the structural design of residential
buildings
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Structural Drawings
• Structural drafting techniques are generally the same as mechanical drafting; usually they are a combination of mechanical and architectural methods used
• Structural drawings are usually independent of architectural drawings and other drawings
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Line work Lines used in structural drafting are generally the same as
those used in mechanical drafting
• Lines may heavier or thinner than normal depending on the emphasis & size of the drawing
• Dimension lines may be drawn with a space for the numeral or the numeral may be placed above the dimension line
• Dimension lines may be capped with arrowheads, slashes, or dots
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Lettering
• Structural lettering is generally slanted gothic style and freer in style than mechanical lettering
• Lettering heights:– All lettering, except titles: 1/8” to 5/32” (3-
4mm)
– Titles: 3/16” to ¼” (5-6 mm)
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Coordination of Working Drawings
• The structural drawings are a portion of a complete set of working drawings
• A page numbering system is used in order to organization each type of drawing on a commercial project (AIA Handbook of Professional Practices)
• The structural drawings can have a series of sheets that are numbered such as: S1.1, S1.2 – S2.1, S2.2, S2.3 – S3.1,S3.2, S3.3 etc.
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Example of How Drawing Elements Are Coordinated Between Pages
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Laying out Details and Sections• Details & sections may be placed with the
drawing where they relate or placed on a separate sheet.
• All Details should be grouped together and organized from left to right,and laid out in sequential order on the drawing sheet.
• Sections are laid out in the same manner with labels in alphabetical order.
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Concrete Construction Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and
water.
• Concrete is the fundamental material for foundations
• Concrete is used in commercial sites for wall and floor systems
• Concrete can be poured or pre-formed into structural shapes
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Steel Reinforcing of Concrete Concrete alone has excellent compression qualities but add steel and the tension properties improve to make it stronger
• Reinforced Concrete: Concrete poured around steel bars placed in the forms
• Rebar: The steel bars
• The most common steel reinforcing is plane and deformed, in round or square bars
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Examples of Standard Structural Callouts for Concrete Reinforcing
• Specifying Rebar #4@12”O.C.
(25)#8k@24”O.C.
HORIZ. AND 16” O.C.
VERT #6@24”O.C.EA
WAY (or EW)
• Specifying Anchor Bolts– (12)-3/4”ØX12”STD AB
24” OC W/3”PROJ
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Types of Concrete Construction
• Poured-in-place concrete
• Pre-cast Concrete
• Tilt-up Pre-cast Concrete
• Concrete Block Construction
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Concrete Structural Drawings
• Concrete material symbols are used where appropriate
• Rebar is shown as a very thick line or a thick dashed line in the longitudinal view and a round dot where the rebar appears cut
• When drawing concrete block structures details of the steel reinforcing patterns are shown
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Wood Construction• Used in both residential and commercial
applications
• Commercial applications include:– Partition Framing
– Upper-level Floor Framing
– Roof Framing
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Types of Wood Construction
• Heavy Timber Construction
• Laminated Beam Construction
Note: The drafter’s major responsibility is the drawing of the connection details for Heavy Timber Construction and Laminated Beams
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Engineered Wood Products
• I-Joists
• Laminated Veneer Lumber
• Rim Board
• Plywood Lumber Beams
• Stressed Skin Panels
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Standard Wood Structural Callouts• Give the nominal (rough, before planning) cross-sectional
dimensions for sawn lumber & timbers
4x12,6x14• Net dimensions of a glu-lam is followed by and abbreviation
6 1/8x 14GLB f2400• If lengths (LG) is required for wood members, they are given
in feet & inches
6 ¾ x 18GLB x 24’-0” LG• Glu-lam beams with manufacturing numbers
6 ¾ x 18 22FV4
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Steel Construction
Three Categories:– Steel Studs
– Prefabricated Steel Structures
– Steel-framed Structures
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Structural Systems The structural system is made up of the frame that
support the walls and roof.• Wall System – Horizontal Girts attached to
the vertical structure and metal wall sheets attached to the girts.
• Roof System – Horizontal Purlins attached to the structure and metal sheets attached to the Purlins.
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Common Structural Steel Materials
• Plates – Flat pieces of steel of various thickness used at the intersection of different members.
• Bars – Used as supports or braces for other steel parts or connectors
• Structural Shapes – Available in several different manufactured shapes
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Structural Steel Callouts Structural steel materials are specified by shape designation,
flange width, and weight in pounds per linear foot
For Example: W 24 x 120
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Structural Steel Shapes• W –wide flange shapes• S – American Std. Beam• M – Misc. beam & column
shape• C – American Std.
Channels• MC – Misc. channel shapes• WT – Structural tees cut
from W shapes
• ST – structural tees cut from S shapes
• MT – structural tees cut from M shapes
• T – structural tees• Z – zee shapes• HP – steel H piling
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Shop Drawings
• Shop drawings are used to break each individual component of a structural engineering drawing down into fabrication parts
• Also referred to as “Fabrication Drawings”
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Common Connection Methods
• Bolting
• Nails
• Welding
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Components in a Set of Structural Drawings
• Floor Plan• Foundation Plan and Details• Concrete Slab Plan and Details• Roof Framing Plan and Details• Roof Drainage Plan• Building Sections• Exterior Elevations,Panel Plan, and Wall Details• Drawing Revisions
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Demonstrate Laying out a Set of Architectural/Structural
Drawings