Chapter 22

A Turbulent Decade

Demobilization

Lydia Kim

What is “demobilization”?

• According to the American Nation Textbook– “The process of demobilization is the

transition from wartime to peacetime”

• According to “answers.com”– To discharge from military service

or use.– To disband (troops).

Daily Life Women

• Urged to give up job– 1920

• % of working women fell slightly below what it was in 1910 QuickTime™ and a

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Daily Life of Farmer

• Farmers had benefited from wartime markets in Europe– European farms revived,

markets dried up, farm prices fell

• Many farmers lost ownership of their land in the 1920’s

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Daily Life In General

• Skyrocketing cost of living• Demand for good outpaced

the supply– Prices rose– Cost doubled from 1910 to

1920

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Daily Life In General 2

• Many people worked in defense industries• Government cancelled more than $2 billion in

military contracts – Factories cut back production and laying off workers

• 1921 - 5 million people (12% of labor) were unemployed

Strikes

Stephanie

The Seattle General Strike

• first major strike of 1919 (February 6, 10:00 a.m.)

• over 35,000 workers in Seattle walked out from their working places- they demanded higher wages and less working hours- strike occurred without any violence, but city officials and factory owners showed strong disapproval

• newspapers blamed immigrants for the strike, calling the strikers "muddle-headed foreigners”

The Seattle General Strike

• unfortunately, strike ended within 5 days without any changes

• although it was a peaceful strike, it helped convince the public opinion against harsh labor required by the owners ("for" antilabor)

The Boston Police Strike

• second strike of 1919 (September)• Boston police officers formed a union to

gain better wage and working conditions• Edwin Curtis refused to approve the union

and fired 19 workers• at the end, 75% of officers went on strike-

the society soon became a mass

The Boston Police Strike

• public was also against the strike

• Commissioner Curtis forced the officers to get back to work. He said, "there is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime."

The Steel Strike

• just two weeks after the Boston Strike, 365,000 steelworkers in Pennsylvania (mostly immigrants) went on strike

• the strikers demanded recognition of their union and higher wages and less working hours

• due to the massive number of strikers, it threatened the steel industry

The Steel Strike

• strong steel companies did everything they could do to get the workers back

• eventually, police got involved in the situation and jailed, beat, or even shot the strikers

• on January 9, 1920, strike leaders called off the strike

The United Mine Workers Strike

• the last major strike of 1919 occurred in november

• 400,000 coal mine workers went on strike• miners protested against their low wages and

demanded a raise• Some members of the United Mine Workers

(UMW) requested a 50% raise, 5-day workweek, 6-hour workday

The United Mine Workers Strike

• strike was organized and lead by John L. Lewis, the new president of UMW

• Lewis put a stop to the strike after President Wilson ordered an authoritative order to cut the strike

• Lewis' strong determination didn't stop there; he asked the workers quietly to not return to work- on December 6, Wilson and Lewis compromised to give the mine workers a 14% increase in wage

African Americans Defend Their Rights

Tiffany

Anti-lynching campaign

• NAACP formed Antilynching Committee• Generated public support• Fought to end discrimination• African Americans

African American Unionization

• Some fought discrimination in workplace• African Americans rarely allowed to rise• A. Philip Randolph• Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters• Despite the effort, Pullman Company refuse to

recognize them• But later earned recognition in late 1930s

A. Philip Randolph 1889-1979

• Black socialist • Founder of Brotherhood of

Sleeping Car Porters in 1925

• Improve working conditions for Pullman Company

• Sought to end discrimination against African Americans

• Unite ALL workers

Black Nationalists

• African Americans grew frustrated towards NAACP• Lost of hope• Pan-Africanism• Marcus Garvey• Black nationalism• Universal Negro Improvement Association

The Back-to-Africa Movement

• Primary Source

Ku Klux KlanJason Kim

First Appearance

• KKK was first formed during the Reconstruction Era in 1866

– Founded by six former Confederates

– headed by a former slave-trader and Confederate general, Nathan Bedford Forrest

– Their goal was to suppress the Black Americans from having power.

What Did They Do?

• Burned schools, homes, churches, etc.

• Stole livestocks

• Committed atrocities against any Black Americans who were against “their” rule – mostly the Republicans

• Also attacked white people who were sympathetic for the Black

Response

• A lot of the people were unable or unwilling to stop the Ku Klux Klan

• The Congress passed the Ku Klux Act, or the Force Bill, in 1871 that gave the president the power to intervene in troubled states with the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in countries where disturbances occurred

• KKK had already achieved their goals by this time and were dispersed.

New KKK of 1915

• It was reformed by William J. Simmons in 1915

• Attacked not only African Americans but also many of the foreigners, Catholics, Jews, and suspected radicals

• They started to put cross on fire

KKK Declines

• Several factors led to its end in the 1920s

• Decline of Red Scare

• Publicity about KKK activities and terrorisms

• Corruption and scandals

Marcus Garvey

Josephine

• born in St. Ann’s Bay, Jamaica on August 17th, 1887

• worked as a printer after seven years of schooling

• he became an active trade unionist

• 1907: was elected vice president of Compositor’s Branch of the Printers’ Union

• helped lead a printer’s strike in 1908-1909

• established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

• published a pamphlet called The Negro Race and Its Problems

• he was influenced by the ideas of Booker T. Washington

• June 1917: organized the first branch of the UNIA

• published the Negro World: a journal that promoted his nationalist ideas

• the UNIA became extremely popular and had 30 branches and over 2 million members by 1919

• After his lecture tour of Britain, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Canada in 1928, Garvey established the People’s Political Party

• New daily newspaper: The Blackman

• On July 1932, Garvey started to publish the evening newspaper, The New Jamaican. Sadly, this was unsuccessful

• After the seizure of printing presses in 1933 because of debts, he started a magazine called Black Man

• started an organization that was devoted to raising money and creating job opportunities for the poor in Jamaica

• sadly, this organization was not successful

• March 1935: moved to England and published The Tragedy of White Injustice

• Garvey continued to hold UNIA lectures and toured the world to make speeches about civil rights until he died

• London: June 10th, 1940:The death of Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey was an African-American nationalist who created a ‘Back to

Africa’ movement in the U.S.

He later became an inspirational figure for civil rights activists

• http://www.geocities.com/clintonbennett/Lectures/garvey.jpg• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Marcus_Garvey_1924-08-05.jpg• http://www.thechessdrum.net/newsbriefs/2003/NB_photos/Marcus_Garvey.gif• http://www.mccalla.fsbusiness.co.uk/marcus.jpg• http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp10.jpg• http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/rasta/24garvey.jpg• http://negroartist.com/MARCUS%20GARVEY/images/George%20O%20Marke,%20Kojo%20Tovalou

%20Houenou,%20and%20Marcus%20Garvey_jpg.jpg• http://www.si.umich.edu/CHICO/Harlem/graphics/unia.jpg• http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk/images/1987jamaica100dollarsmarcusgarveyobv400.jpg• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/garvey_marcus.shtml• http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAgarvey.htm

Citations

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkkk.htmhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_org_kkk.htmlhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Ku_Klux_Klan_Virgina_1922_Parade.jpghttp://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/24/91424-004-18004705.jpghttp://www.lakelandgov.net/library/speccoll/exhibits/images/C386DD7C44CE4D34ADFE3171626CE29A.jpghttp://www.binghamton.edu/ctah/images/worse.jpghttp://th053.k12.sd.us/APUSH/APUSH%20Unit%20topics%20graphics/KKK.JPG

citation• http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cmhec/images/bigsteel.jpg• http://www.bitsofnews.com/images/graphics/garrett/pittsburghstrike2.jpg• http://images.google.co.kr/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/

ac/Boston_Police_Strike.jpg/180px-Boston_Police_Strike.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Strike&usg=__wPjoI_jso5hy5waQ-QlrR4-ViVM=&h=138&w=180&sz=11&hl=ko&start=8&um=1&tbnid=Gs_YBiJjfZicMM:&tbnh=77&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dthe%2Bboston%2Bpolice%2Bstrike%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dko%26newwindow%3D1%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG

• http://www.bppa.org/images/headline.gif• http://faculty.washington.edu/gregoryj/laborphotos/deputies.jpg• http://www.soundsummitbooks.com/seattlestrike.jpg• http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/e/e4/1900a.jpg• http://www.library.pitt.edu/labor_legacy/images/W&JPostcard.jpg