chapter 21:the muslim empires stearns et al., world civilizations, the global experience, ap*...
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Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I.The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire BuildersII. The Shi’a Challenge of the SafavidsIII. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat SeljuksOttomans emerge dominant over Byzantines
Rename: Istanbul
Expansion – all former Eastern Roman EmpirePositive Correlation: Religious Persecution & Expansion
A. A State Geared to WarfareTurkic horsemen become warrior nobilityJanissary infantry
Conscripted youth from conquered peoples
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
B. The Sultans and their CourtVizier - Head of large bureaucracy
Succession - No clear rules
C. Constantinople Restored and the Flowering of Ottoman Culture
Responsible: Suleiman ICommercial centerGovernment control of
trade, craftsArtisan guilds
Turkish Language prevails
Suleymaniye mosque, 16th century
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
D. The Problem of Ottoman Decline
Strong until late 1600sInfrastructure insufficientDependent on conquest - End of conquest brings deficienciesRegional leaders divert revenue
E. Military Reverses and the Ottoman RetreatFail at the Siege of Vienna Lepanto, 1571
Defeated by Spain, Venice - Turks lose control of eastern MediterraneanPortuguese outflank Middle East trade
Sail around Africa into Indian OceanVictories over Muslim navies
InflationCaused by New World bullionComes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Safavid Empire
The Shi’a Challenge of the SafavidsStarts with Safavid familySail al-Din
Leads revival - wants to purify and reform Islam
Ismâ'il takes Tabriz Named shah - title
Chaldiran, 1514Safavids defeated by OttomansGunpowder makes the Difference
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Abbas I (1587-1629)
Height of Safavid Empire
Persians as bureaucrats – Balance out warrior leaders
State and Religion
Adopt Persian language and court traditions after Chaldiran
Abandoned egalitarian camaraderie
Shi'ism modified
Spreads to entire empire
Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor
Abbas I supports international trade
& Islamic culture
Building projectsRoads and Rest Houses
Mosques in Isfahan
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
D. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons
Commonalities
Warrior aristocracies
Move to rural estates after conquest
Threat to central power
Imperial workshops
Artisans patronized
International trade encouraged
Women lose freedom
Subordinate to fathers, husbands
E. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire
Abbas I
Removes heirs
Weak grandson inherits
Decline begins
Internal conflict, outside threats
1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in IndiaBabur – Mongol & Turkic Descent
Driven from Afghanistan Invades India, 1526 – Not as religiously motivatedFails at trying regain homelandSucceeded by Humayn
Flees to Persia Restores Mughal Empire in1556 Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire
13-year-old son of HumaynBattles with everyone & wins
Reconciliation with Hindus (No more Jizya) New religion, Din-i-Ilahi
Blend of Islam and HinduismToleration
The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
B. Social Reform and Social ChangeContinuity: Muslim rulers and public worksWomen
Widows encouraged to remarry and child marriages discouragedSati prohibitedSeclusion undermined by women's market days
C. Mughal Splendor and Early European ContactsDeath of Akbar
Reforms don't surviveEmpire strong
Cotton textiles to EuropeEspecially among laboring and middle classes
D. Artistic Achievement in the Mughal EraSuccessors: Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century
Continue tolerationLess energeticSupport arts
Taj Mahal
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
E. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary WomenNur Jahan
Wife of JahangirHead of powerful faction
Mumtaz Mahal
Wife of Shah Jahan – Buried in Taj Mahal Also powerful, he husband was more competent
Ordinary women
Position declinesAge limit lowered for child marriageSati spreads among upper classesBirth of girl was undesirable - dowry
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
F. The Beginnings of Imperial DeclineAurangzeb
Takes over a messPrograms
Rule all IndiaCleanse Islam of Hindu taint
1707, controls most of IndiaExpensive, distracting
Other developments disregardedRevoltAutonomy of local leaders
Hindus exluded from high officeNon-Muslims taxed
Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule