chapter 21. you’re a hard worker, but you barely earn enough money to survive. you earn 15...

CHAPTER 21CHAPTER 21

You’re a hard worker, but you barely earn enough money to survive. You earn 15 monetary units for a 12 to 16 hour workday, but a loaf of bread costs 1 monetary unit, a pound of meat costs 3 monetary units, and a dozen eggs cost 10 monetary units. You also pay high rent to your landlord and give 1/10 of your income to the church. Although you pay the heaviest taxes, you have no voice in the government.

How do you feel about this situation?2

France had been the most powerful and largest nation in Europe for around 100 years when the French Revolution began in 1789 king lost power within months of its beginning

Old Regime(years prior to 1789) The privileged estates – First Estate was clergy (less

than 1%) Second Estate was nobility (less than 2%) The Third estate – bourgeoisie (urban middle class),

city workers, artisans, rural peasants (97% of the population)

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Section 1: The Roots of RevolutionSection 1: The Roots of RevolutionSection 1: The Roots of RevolutionSection 1: The Roots of Revolution

Increased population and cost of living▪ families grew and needed more food and money

The privileged classes and the monarchy demanded higher rents and higher taxes▪ privileged classes did not pay taxes▪ Sometimes the poor would riot against these high

prices and taxes Bourgeoisie, peasants, and workers wanted

liberty and equality▪ Both wanted more freedom and equality

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The Roots of RevolutionThe Roots of RevolutionThe Roots of RevolutionThe Roots of Revolution

Louis XVI married Marie-Antoinette to helped relations with Austria resentment because of her spending habits she was beheaded during the Fr. Revolution

Louis XVI tried to raise taxes and tax the upper classes who refused and rioted at times

Banks refused to loan French government more money

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Third Estate wanted representatives to vote as individuals Threatened to overthrow the government ▪ calling themselves the National Assembly▪ would meet until a constitution was written.

Louis XVI eventually agrees Marks the real start of the French Revolution

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Hypothesize some possible outcomes of the meeting of the Estates General. What might happen if the people thought the king was resisting change and wanted to disband the Estates General meeting, perhaps by force.

While Louis XVI was allowing the Estates General to meet together, he moved troops into Paris and Versailles led to formation of a new government in Paris when General

Lafayette formed a National Guard from the people developed a red, white, and blue stripped flag to replace the old French

flag This was repeat through out France because peasants

developed “Great Fear” that nobles would stop the revolution peasants burned papers, raided manors for food

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Section 2: The French RevolutionSection 2: The French RevolutionSection 2: The French RevolutionSection 2: The French Revolution

National Assembly felt they could stop the violence with reforms Cancelled feudal debts, services and dues peasants

owed, removed privileges of the upper class By August 4, 1789, feudalism was over in France

Adopted The Declaration of the Rights of Man basic human rights and political powers, applied to

men only All men are equal; freedom of speech, press,

religion; all men could hold office; fair trial

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The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe French Revolution

Reforms in government Divided the country into 83 departments and

held local elections National Assembly took land owned from the

Catholic Church and sold it to the public to pay down the debt of the country

Attempted to reform the Catholic Church

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Limited powers of king Divided government into three branches:

executive, legislative, and judicial Tax paying males voted to elect the Legislative

Assembly replacing the National Assembly Wealthy men still had most of the power

Louis XVI agreed to limit his power while secretly planning to overthrow the new government Tried to escape, was arrested and sent back to Paris,

began to want to develop a republic to replace the monarchy

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The new gov’t lasted less than a year Executive branch was weak Legislature was inexperienced; divided into 3

groups▪ Conservatives – felt revolution had done enough▪ Radicals – wanted more change▪ Moderates – no extreme view

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Prussians said they would destroy Paris if the Royal family was hurt leading Commune to demand the Legislative Assembly to abolish the monarchy

Louis XVI plotted with foreign powers to overthrow Constitution of 1791

Legislative Assembly ended itself, suspended the monarchy killing many of the royal guards and imprisoning Louis and his family;

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What happened after the U.S. Constitution was written? How did the government function? Did any one person or small group of persons attempt to take control of the government?

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Universal manhood suffrage – every adult male could vote (land owner or not), elected delegates to the National Convention

National Convention had three main groups – National Convention ruled France for 3 years

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Section 3: The French RepublicSection 3: The French RepublicSection 3: The French RepublicSection 3: The French Republic

Committee of Public Safety – Set up by the National Convention deal with threats of

foreign invasion Set up a Revolutionary Tribal (special court) to try

enemies of the Revolution adopted the draft, conscription – all unmarried, healthy

men between the age of 18-25 were available for military service

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The French RepublicThe French RepublicThe French RepublicThe French Republic

Opposition – European monarchs formed an alliance against France. Royal and Catholic of western France fought

against the Revolution Counterrevolutionary – supported the Old

Regime

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Reign of Terror Executed enemies and those suspected of being

counterrevolutionary or disloyal Danton, felt the Reign of Terror could be relaxed

while another leader, Robespierre, felt he was being disloyal and had him put to death

Robespierre – he felt he must continue the Reign, but eventually he was arrested and beheaded ending the Reign of Terror

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The National Convention met for 3 years 1792-1795 and made many changes Established a committee called “Republic of Virtue”▪ Opening new schools▪ Establish wage and price controls to help reduce inflation▪ Abolished slavery▪ Encouraged religious tolerance▪ Adopted metric system and a new calendar that failed

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1795-99 Napoleon Bonaparte came into the publics eye, was a general at 26 Was ambitious, energetic, organized, good

manager of political and military (5ft 2in. tall) His marriage to Josephine de Beauharnais, a leader

in French society helped propel him to command of the French army fighting the Austrians just 2 days after the wedding

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Won victories in Italy and Austria; fought the British in Egypt where the French navy lost and he left his troops alone then hid the truth once back in France

Napoleon takes power – coup d’état (took by force) due to unstable government –

France was being allied against and was losing territory; many felt Napoleon could gain control

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Look like a republic, but was a dictatorship People of France accepted his rule

Napoleon gave himself unlimited power in his first 5 years as ruler Consul was the name of the executive branch with 3

consuls and Napoleon as First Consul He commanded the army and navy; legislature could

only accept or reject his ideas His new constitution was voted on by the people as

yes or no, without suggestion – called a plebiscite- it was approved

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The Napoleonic EraThe Napoleonic EraThe Napoleonic EraThe Napoleonic Era

Accomplishments Napoleonic Code – all French laws organized into a

system public education – as planned by the National

Convention earlier was put into effect with high schools, universities, and technical schools▪ Elementary education was done by churches/local gov’t

Ended the alliances and made peace with Great Britain, Austria, and Russia by 1802

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Napoleon becomes an emperor His power is permanent and hereditary Napoleon crowned himself, not the pope showing his power Napoleon was planning to invade England and defeat their

navy French navy lost to England in 1805 protecting it from

invasion – led by Horatio Nelson Placed a blockade on the British Isles and stopped France

and its allies from trading with Great Britain – known as the Continental System

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By 1809 Napoleon was dominating Europe Ended the Holy Roman Empire and unified the area

into the Kingdom of Italy which he controlled Napoleon placed members of his own family as

monarchs of countries he conquered Annulled his marriage to Josephine in 1809 when they

did not have a child and married Marie Louise, princess of Austria, who gave birth to Napoleon II in 1811.

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Czar Alexander I of Russia ally of France began trading with the British Grand army-Napoleon’s army with soldiers from

across the empire 600,000 marched to Russia scorched-earth policy – burning, destroying

everything (stuff the Grand Army needed) Captured Moscow

Russians burned Moscow 2/3 of the Grand Army was lost

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Final defeat – Western European countries allied against France Napoleon lost to the allied European forces in 1813▪ retreated to Paris

gave up the throne for him and his family Pension and retirement▪ Island of Elba, off the Italian coast

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Napoleon escaped Elba turned the army against the king ruled for one hundred days

Britain, Prussia, and Netherlands were victorious and forced him into exile and the Louis XVIII once again became king Exile to the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic Died in 1821

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The principles of the Congress of Vienna – Compensation–pay for suffering & what they lost-

indemnity balance of power – no single nation would have to

much power Legitimacy – all previous ruling families would be

restored to their thrones

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A Return to PeaceA Return to PeaceA Return to PeaceA Return to Peace

Reactionaries not only were against change, but also wanted to undo some changes.

Restored balance of power Emphasized conservative view to prevent revolution

brought on by nationalism Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia kept their

alliance – Quadruple Alliance, France joined later – Quintuple Alliance

Many signed as Christians led by Alexander I of Russia called the Holy Alliance

Concert of Europe developed – form of international governance by agreement, lasting until1848.

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For 30 years after the Congress of Vienna, Prince Metternich of Austria influence the politics of Europe; he was reactionary

Underground resistance arose and with Greece winning its independence from the Ottoman empire, became evident nationalism could not be suppressed forever

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chapter 21. you’re a hard worker, but you barely earn enough money to survive. you earn 15...

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french revolutionreforms

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