chapter 21 the rise of islam
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Chapter 21 The Rise of Islam. CHAPTER FOCUS. SECTION 1 Islam SECTION 2 The Arab Empire SECTION 3 Arab Contributions. Terms to Learn. People to Know. Muhammad. pillars of faith. mosque imam hajj alchemists. al-Idrisi al-Rāzi Omar Khayyám Ibn Khaldun. Places to Locate. Makkah. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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SECTION 1 Islam
SECTION 2 The Arab Empire
SECTION 3 Arab Contributions
CHAPTER FOCUS
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• Madina (Yathrib)
• Damascus
• Baghdad
Places to Locate
• mosque
• imam
• hajj • alchemists
Terms to Learn• pillars of faith • Muhammad
• al-Idrisi • al-Rāzi • Omar Khayyám
• Ibn Khaldun
People to Know
• Makkah
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Islam• “Islam” is an Arabic word that means “the
act of submitting, or giving oneself over, to the will of God.”
• An Arab merchant named Muhammad, who came to be known as the prophet of Allah, founded the Islamic faith.
• Islam shook the foundations of Byzantium and Persia, the two most powerful civilizations of the time.
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• By the middle of the 500s, the three major towns of Yathrib, Ta’ if, and Makkah had developed in the Hejaz.
• Arab pilgrims, or travelers to a religious shrine, came there to worship in Arabia’s holiest shrine, the Ka’bah.
Makkah (Mecca)
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• In 570, Muhammad was born to a widow of a respectable clan in Makkah.
• The drinking, gambling, and corruption in Makkah troubled Muhammad, so he spent much time alone in a cave outside the city, thinking and fasting.
• Muhammad concluded that there was only one God, Allah, the same god as the God of the Jews and the Christians.
• The rich leaders of Makkah began to feel threatened and, as a result, started persecuting Muhammad and his followers.
Muhammad
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• Muhammad and several hundred of his followers fled from Makkah to Yathrib (later Madina) in 622.
• In Madina, Muhammad gave the people a government that united them and made them proud of their new faith.
• But, the people of Makkah invaded Madina several times.
Muhammad (cont.)
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• In 628, Muhammad signed a peace treaty with the people of Makkah, which they violated in 630, leading Muhammad and his companions to triumphantly enter their home city, Makkah, for a peaceful conquest.
• In 632 Muhammad died.
Muhammad (cont.)
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• The Quran is written in Arabic and describes the pillars of faith, or the five duties all Muslims must fulfill.
• The first duty is the confession of faith. • The second duty deals with prayer; some of
which are recited at a mosque and led by a prayer leader called an imam.
• The third duty has to do with the giving of zakah, or charity.
• The fourth duty deals with fasting. • The fifth duty involves a pilgrimage to
Makkah, called the hajj.
The Quran
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The Arab Empire• When Muhammad died in 632, a group of
Muslims chose a new leader whom they called khalifa, or caliph, which means “successor.”
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• The first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law and close friend.
• As the next caliphs ruled from Madina and kept in close touch with the people, they were called the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
• The Rightly Guided Caliphs honored Muhammad’s wish to carry Islam to other peoples and sent warriors into Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt, and North Africa.
The Rightly Guided Caliphs
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• Throughout all these places, the Arabs were victorious because Islam united them in striving for a common goal, which they considered holy.
• The Arab way of treating the people they conquered also contributed to their success.
The Rightly Guided Caliphs (cont.)
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• Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law and the last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, was killed in 661.
• The new caliph moved the capital from Madina to Damascus and founded the Umayyad Dynasty.
• The Umayyads ruled more like kings than religious leaders.
• However, the Umayyads had social and economic troubles that, in the end, led to their downfall.
The Umayyads
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• The Muslims themselves divided into two groups, the Shi’ah and the Sunni.
• After a while, war broke out between the Umayyads and a group of Muslims called Abbasids.
• In 750, the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads and became the new rulers of the Arab Empire.
The Umayyads (cont.)
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• The Abbasids ruled the Arab Empire from 750 to 1258; their first 100 years was known as the Golden Age of Islam.
• Under the Abbasids, all that remained of Arab influence was the Arabic language and the Islamic religion.
• The Abbasids created the government post of vizier, or chief adviser between the throne and the people.
• The Abbasids made Baghdad one of the major trading centers of the world.
The Abbasids
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• Life in the empire changed as advanced farming methods were employed.
• The empire soon became too large for one caliph, and it began to break up into independent kingdoms.
• In 836, the caliph moved to a new capital city called Samarra.
• In 945, the Persians took control of Baghdad.
The Abbasids (cont.)
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• In 710, they invaded Spain, defeated the West Goths, who had taken the country from the Romans, and set up a kingdom that allowed religious freedom.
• For the next 400 years, a rich culture flourished in Spain.
• During this time, Jews traveled to and traded in every part of the Arab Empire and beyond.
• The Muslim Arabs who conquered North Africa intermarried with the Berbers and became known as Moors.
The Golden Age of Muslim Spain
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• Islam was born in a society where men could have unlimited numbers of wives and the killing of female children was common.
• Islam attempted to correct this situation. • Both men and women were obligated to
seek knowledge. • Reciting and memorizing the Quran was
an important requirement in education. • The mosques served as neighborhood
schools.
Islamic Life
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Arab Contributions• Between the 770s and the 1300s, Arab
scholars helped preserve much of the learning of the ancient world and made many other contributions to the modern world.
• Many Arab scientists, known as alchemists, tried to turn base metals, such as tin, iron, and lead, into gold and silver.
• Arab astronomers studied the heavens, named stars, described solar eclipses, and proved the moon’s effects on tides and the oceans.
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Arab Contributions (cont.)
• The astronomer-geographer al-ldrisi drew the first accurate map of the world.
• Arab mathematicians invented algebra and borrowed the numerals 0-9 from Gupta mathematicians.
• The Arabs gave much to the field of medicine, setting up the world’s first school of pharmacy, opening the world’s first drugstores, and organizing medical clinics.
• The Persian doctor al-Razi discovered differences between measles and smallpox.
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• The Arabs also made many contributions to the arts.
• The Persian poet Omar Khayyám’s Rubáiyát is considered one of the finest poems ever written.
• Islamic art is distinct and full of color. • Much of what is known about this time
comes from Arabs, such as Ibn Khaldun, who wrote down the history of Islam.
Arab Contributions (cont.)