chapter 21: the political system under strain at home and abroad

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITIONNATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION

DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFFDAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF

Chapter 21: Chapter 21: The Political System Under The Political System Under Strain at Home and Abroad Strain at Home and Abroad


PreviewPreview

““Struggling to come to terms with the inequalities Struggling to come to terms with the inequalities of the new urban and industrial order, the of the new urban and industrial order, the political system ground to a near stalemate, political system ground to a near stalemate, broken only during the turbulent 1890s when a broken only during the turbulent 1890s when a deep depression sparked labor protests and a deep depression sparked labor protests and a revolt of farmers.”revolt of farmers.”

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The HighlightsThe Highlights

The Politics of ParalysisThe Politics of Paralysis The Revolt of the FarmersThe Revolt of the Farmers The New RealignmentThe New Realignment Stirrings of EmpireStirrings of Empire The Imperial MovementThe Imperial Movement

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The Politics of ParalysisThe Politics of Paralysis

Political StalematePolitical Stalemate– Margins of victory in presidential elections were very Margins of victory in presidential elections were very

closeclose– Voter turnout: nearly 80 percent of eligible voters Voter turnout: nearly 80 percent of eligible voters

turned outturned out

The PartiesThe Parties– Ethnic and religious factors helped to shape party Ethnic and religious factors helped to shape party

alignmentalignment– Third political parties rallied around a single causeThird political parties rallied around a single cause

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The Voting Public, 1860-1912The Voting Public, 1860-19125


The IssuesThe Issues– ““Bloody shirts”: each side blamed the other for the Bloody shirts”: each side blamed the other for the

Civil WarCivil War– Pendleton Act (1883): reform of civil servicePendleton Act (1883): reform of civil service– McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff– Crime of ’73: concern over money supplyCrime of ’73: concern over money supply– Bland-Allison Act (1878): silver coinageBland-Allison Act (1878): silver coinage

The White House from Hayes to HarrisonThe White House from Hayes to Harrison– The dirty election of 1884The dirty election of 1884– First billion-dollar peacetime budgetFirst billion-dollar peacetime budget

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Ferment in the States and CitiesFerment in the States and Cities– State commissionsState commissions– National Municipal LeagueNational Municipal League

“Despite its growing expenditures and more legislation, most people expected little from the federal government. Experimental and often effective, state programs began to grapple with the problems of corporate power, discriminatory shipping rates, political corruption, and urban decay.”

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The Revolt of the FarmersThe Revolt of the Farmers

The Harvest of DiscontentThe Harvest of Discontent– Rising anger of farmersRising anger of farmers– Credit lay at the root of their problemsCredit lay at the root of their problems

The Origins of the Farmers’ AllianceThe Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance– Patrons of HusbandryPatrons of Husbandry– ““Granger laws”Granger laws”– Granger casesGranger cases– Southern AllianceSouthern Alliance

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The Alliance PeaksThe Alliance Peaks– People’s party formed (1890)People’s party formed (1890)– The Alliance movement: “Ocala Demands”The Alliance movement: “Ocala Demands”

The Election of 1892The Election of 1892– Exposure of weaknesses of the PopulistsExposure of weaknesses of the Populists– Rhetoric of Populism was often violentRhetoric of Populism was often violent

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The Rise of Jim Crow PoliticsThe Rise of Jim Crow Politics– Systematized disfranchisementSystematized disfranchisement– Democratic party promoted black disfranchisement Democratic party promoted black disfranchisement

and white supremacyand white supremacy

The African American ResponseThe African American Response– Ida B. WellsIda B. Wells– Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington– W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois– Creation of NAACPCreation of NAACP

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“The ferment of the early 1890s, among black Populists and white, was replaced by a lily-white Democratic party that dominated the region but remained in the minority on the national level.”

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The New RealignmentThe New Realignment

The Depression of 1893The Depression of 1893– Nearly one worker in five was out of a jobNearly one worker in five was out of a job– More women and children went to workMore women and children went to work– Burden fell on local charities rather than government Burden fell on local charities rather than government

to assist the unemployedto assist the unemployed

The Rumblings of UnrestThe Rumblings of Unrest– Coxey’s ArmyCoxey’s Army– Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

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The Battle of the StandardsThe Battle of the Standards– Free silverFree silver– Bryan’s Cross of Gold speech (1896): “You shall not Bryan’s Cross of Gold speech (1896): “You shall not

crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”– Republican coalition emerges triumphant in 1896 Republican coalition emerges triumphant in 1896

presidential election; dominates American politics for presidential election; dominates American politics for almost forty yearsalmost forty years

McKinley in the White HouseMcKinley in the White House– Foreshadowed “modern” presidents who also acted Foreshadowed “modern” presidents who also acted

as party leadersas party leaders– Dingley Tariff (1897)Dingley Tariff (1897)

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Stirrings of EmpireStirrings of Empire

European Expansion WorldwideEuropean Expansion Worldwide– Ecological factors of expansionEcological factors of expansion– Forces encouraging American imperialismForces encouraging American imperialism

The Shapers of American ImperialismThe Shapers of American Imperialism– Mahan calls for a strong navyMahan calls for a strong navy– MissionariesMissionaries– Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism– Commercial factors- creation of new marketsCommercial factors- creation of new markets

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Dreams of a Commercial EmpireDreams of a Commercial Empire– William Henry SewardWilliam Henry Seward– Acquisition of Midway and AlaskaAcquisition of Midway and Alaska– Blaine’s Pan-American UnionBlaine’s Pan-American Union– The Venezuelan Boundary DisputeThe Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

Prelude in the PacificPrelude in the Pacific– US vied for control of the islands of SamoaUS vied for control of the islands of Samoa– 1893: American sugar planters overthrow Queen 1893: American sugar planters overthrow Queen

Liliuokalani, a Hawaiian nationalistLiliuokalani, a Hawaiian nationalist

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The Imperial MomentThe Imperial Moment

Mounting TensionsMounting Tensions– The de Lome letterThe de Lome letter– Sinking of the MaineSinking of the Maine– Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment

The Imperial WarThe Imperial War– Dewey at ManilaDewey at Manila– Santiago harbor in CubaSantiago harbor in Cuba

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War in CubaWar in Cuba– Racial tensionsRacial tensions– Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough RidersTheodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

Peace and the Debate over EmpirePeace and the Debate over Empire– Annexing HawaiiAnnexing Hawaii– AquinaldoAquinaldo– Anti-imperialistsAnti-imperialists– The role of racismThe role of racism

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America’s First Asian WarAmerica’s First Asian War– Racial antagonism spurred brutal fighting in ManilaRacial antagonism spurred brutal fighting in Manila– Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

An Open Door in ChinaAn Open Door in China– The open-door notesThe open-door notes– Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion– Sense of missionSense of mission

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chapter 21: the political system under strain at home and abroad

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