chapter 21 part 3
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Chapter 21 Part 3. The French Revolution. The Age of Montesquieu continued. International Reaction to the French Revolution is mixed at first then tide turns Edmund Burke : Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 21Part 3
The French Revolution
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The Age of Montesquieu continued
International Reaction to the French Revolution is mixed at first then tide turns
Edmund Burke : Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
One of the great (if not greatest) intellectual defenses of European conservatism
Defended inherited privileges: especially those of the English Monarchy and Aristocracy
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Reflections on the Revolution in France
Burke predicted anarchy followed by dictatorship in France: Moderates would lose out to radicals, French would turn to military dictator to restore order & rescue France from horrific chaos
Advised England to go slow in extending liberties
Eventually, Burke came to urge war as an ideological struggle against French barbarism
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Thomas Paine Opponent of Burke: Wrote Rights of
Man in response Defended Enlightenment principles
and France’s Revolution Believed revolution to be a triumph
of liberty over despotism
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Wordsworth “Bliss it was in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very Heaven”
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Flight to Varrenes, June 1791
King—like other émigrés– sees handwriting on the wall and tries to escape w/ family
Royal Vanity dooms plan and is captured at Varrenes
Never trusted after this and puts 1791 Constitution (& his future) in jeopardy
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CONSTITUTION OF 1791
Based on Separation of Powers Constitutional Monarchy: king has veto
power for four years, limited by approval by ministers
Single elected legislature Independent hierarchy of courts
Enlightenment principles: new law code, marriage = civil contract, kept records CC had, promised free public education
Active/Passive Citizens
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1791 Constitution, cont. Doomed to fail: Too radical for King, Nobles, &
bourgeoisie Not radical enough for some
bourgeoisie Moderates get pushed out in this
situation
Once Constitution is created, National Assembly disbands
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The Legislative Assembly
(1791-1792) The new elected group of lawmakers
provided for in the Constitution replaced the National Assembly
No member of the National Assembly could be part of the new Leg. Assembly; Therefore:
Government loses Older Cautious Intelligent M.C. Moderates, who are replaced by Younger Rash Intelligent M. C. Radicals
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LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MAKE-UP
GROUPS / FACTIONS BECOME IMMEDIATELY APPARENT
NO GROUP CHANGES ITS IDEOLOGY V. MUCH (this makes for a confusing situation for understanding Political Aspects of Fr. Rev.)
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Jacobins “Umbrella Group”: named after their
political club Came to dominate the Legislative
Assembly Girondins: group within Jacobins (rural-
based) became the left wing of the Revolution; will lead France into war
Girondins were passionately committed to the Revolution; wanted a Republic
Other groups will soon emerge: “Mountain”, “Cordeliers”, “Enrages” all
more radical in their turn
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Our Political Spectrum Right: Constitutional Monarchs—265 Center (Plain): 345 Left: Jacobins Continuum Shift of Radicalism:
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Jacobins soon persuade Plain to vote with them w/ leadership coming from Girondins
Condorcet, Roland, Brissot, Vergniaud
Want M.C. Republic, oppose Parisians centering world around themselves
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Pillnitz Declaration Aug. 1791
Emigres: French nobles who fled France lived with relatives, tried to influence foreigners to help restore the French monarchy
HRE Leopold II met with Prussian King. Declared:
They would invade France IF all other nations joined (which he knew they wouldn’t)
Girondins sieze control of this: “Revolution could never be secure in France until it spread to the world”
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April 20, 1792 The Legislative Assembly declared war
on Austria Prussia joins Austria: Brunswick
Manifesto (July 25, 1792): “If a hair on Louis XVI’s head is harmed (“by word or deed”) then Paris would witness “a model vengeance, never to be forgotten”
Doesn’t frighten French, stiffens resolve War goes badly at first: losses,
unorganized, defection of officers . . . France saved b/c Prussia & Austria fighting over dividing up Poland
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August, 1792 The Tuileries was stormed, King flees to
Nat. Assembly, was taken prisoner Seals fate of monarchy & Constitution This was the beginning of the “Second
Revolution”
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The Paris Commune A revolutionary provisional
government was set up in Paris and usurped power of the Legislative Assembly
Was led by Danton who urges: “Boldness, more boldness, always boldness . . .”
Radicals successfully caused the Constitution to be suspended
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The Paris Commune Ordered new elections based on
universal male suffrage to summon a new national convention to give France a Republican form of government…
…Does one need a king in a republic?
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The September Massacres
Led by the Paris Commune
Rumors spread that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats and non-juring priests were plotting with foreign invaders
Mobs slaughtered over 1,000 priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats who opposed the revolutionaries’ program
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Most of the Revolutionaries’ foreign
supporters Were shocked by the violence
Remember U.S. History…Everyone in America (Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans) had supported the French Revolution from 1789-1793
When it became too violent and chaotic, American Federalists withdrew their support