chapter 21 part 2 the french revolution. july 5, 1788 the king called for a meeting of the estates...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 21Part 2
The French Revolution
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July 5, 1788
The King called for a meeting of the Estates General for the following spring
The king asked that all parties study the tax situation and make proposals to fix the economy and pay off debt.
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The Estates General May, 1789
Had only met twice before: 1302 (its inception) & 1614 (called by Marie de Medici while regent for her son, Louis XIII for support against pretenders)
Much excitement throughout France
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Cahiers de doleances
The king requested that each estate come up with a list of suggestions and grievances to be presented to the king
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Common Agreements of All Three Estates
France should have a constitutional monarchy
Individual liberties must be guaranteed by law
Position of Parish Clergy had to be improved
Abolition of internal trade barriers
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The Main Divisive Issue:
How the Three Estates should vote
Traditionally, each estate had one vote (and Clergy and Nobility voted together…so, THEY were exempt of taxes and the Third Estate carried the burden)
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Louis XVI
Doubled the # of the representatives of the third estate as a gesture to its size BUT…still had only one vote among the Estates General
Representatives of each estate were elected
Almost all male commoners 25 or older could vote
Most reps were well-educated and prosperous members of the middle class
No peasant or artisan delegates
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The Paris Parlement
Ruled that voting in the Estates General would follow the tradition of each estate voting separately and each estate having one vote
Was not acceptable to the Third estate
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Abbe Sieyes
The most influential writer of the Third Estate
Wrote What is the Third Estate? Claimed that the Third Estate should
have the power in France That the Nobility should be
abolished Said that the Third Estate
represented the majority of French society
Cited Rousseau’s Social Contract
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May 5, 1789
Each estate was ordered to meet and vote separately
The Third Estate insisted that they meet and all vote together
Led to a six-week deadlock
By this time some parish priests joined with the Third Estate
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The Age of Montesquieu
June 17, 1789 The Third Estate declared itself the true National Assembly of France
Then Louis XVI locked them out of their meeting place
The Third Estate met in an indoor tennis court
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The Tennis Court Oath
The Third Estate swore an oath to continue to meet until it gave France a constitution
So…the Third Estate assumed sovereign power on behalf of the nation
Louis XVI called for 18,000 troops (from Paris to come to Versailles)
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More Defections from the First and Second Estates
Caused Louis XVI to recognize the National Assembly (June 27) after dissolving the Estates General
The National Assembly was dominated by the bourgeoisie
Now the king was allied with the nobility against the Third Estate and the Third Estate feared the nobles more than ever
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July 14, 1789The Storming of the
Bastille Revolutionaries in Paris began to
respond to food shortages and soaring (25%) bread prices
Also unemployment
Also fear of military repression (the 18,000 troops called to Versailles were mobilizing in Paris and Paris mobs believed the troops were getting ready to move against them
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A Very Real Fear
Of subjugation by aristocratic landowners and grain speculators
Grain prices were so high that there was no $ left to purchase manufactured goods
Caused industrial collapse 150,000 of 600,000 workers in Paris
were out of work
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Workers and tradesmen
Began to arm themselves in response to the troop mobilization
July 14th an angry mob stormed the Bastille in search of gunpowder and weapons
The heads of the mayor and Prison’s governor were put on pikes and paraded through the streets
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Marquis de Lafayette
Was appointed commander of the city’s armed forces by the mob
Paris was lost to the king
So…the storming of the Bastille saved the National Assembly (from the 18,000 troops)
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The Great Fear (1789)
The spirit of the rebellion in Paris spread to the countryside and sparked much violence
Peasants attacked manor houses trying to destroy legal records of their feudal obligations
Middle-class landowners were also attacked
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A National Guard Militia
Was created by the middle class to protect their property
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August 4, 1789
The National Assembly voted to abolish feudalism in France and declared equality of taxation for all classes
This was an attempt to stop the violence Amounted to a peaceful social revolution Ended existing serfdom, exclusive
hunting rights for nobles, fees for justice, village monopolies, the corvee, and other dues
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The Peasants
Realized great benefits
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The Constitution
Ending feudalism was one of the two great social changes of the Revolution as feudal society was gone
The other was the abolition of guilds (later)
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
(8-26-89)
Was influenced by American constitutional ideas
Guaranteed due process of law; a citizen was innocent until proven guilty
Sovereignty of the people
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Enlightenment Philosophy of the Constitution
“Men are born and remain free and equal in their rights.”
Natural rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression (Locke)
Law is expressed by the General Will (Rousseau)
Freedom of expression and religion
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The Constitution
Liberty was defined as freedom to do anything not injurious to others, which was to be determined only by law
Taxes to be raised only with common consent
All public servants were accountable for their conduct while in office
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The Constitution
Separation of powers through separate branches
Confiscation of property from private citizens had to be done with fair compensation
“Citizen” applied to all French people regardless of class
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The Question of the Monarch’s Power
Was responsible for the unraveling of the National Assembly’s unity
This happened AFTER the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man
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Womendid not share equal rights
Women could not vote or hold office Males had the advantage in family
law, property rights and education
Very few believed in gender equality Condorcet was one who DID support
gender equality
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Olympe de Gouges
Wrote Rights of Women (1791)
She followed the 17 articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and applied each to women
She also supported a woman’s right to divorce, to control property in marriage, equal access to education and civilian careers and public employment
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Mary Wollstonecraft (English)
1792 wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women
Her ideas were similar to those of Gouges
Madame de Stael: ran a salon, read and wrote widely
Deplored the subordination of women to men and the fact that the Revolution did nothing to change it
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The Women’s March to Versailles
October 1789
Due to shortages of Bread
Jean-Paul Marat incited 7,000 women with the Paris National Guard marched 12 miles from Paris to Versailles and demanded that the King address their economic problems
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Part of the problem Was that the price of bread was so high it
resulted in a reduced demand for garments which devastated women in the French putting-out system…unemployment was very high
Marie Antoinette also played a part
Women invaded the royal apartments at Versailles and slaughtered body guards while searching for the royal family
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The Women’s March to Versailles
The King and Queen were forced to move to the Tuleries (royal palace) in Paris
Louis XVI signed decrees guaranteeing that bread in Paris would be sold at reasonable prices
The National Assembly also moved to Paris and, like the King, was intimidated by the Parisians
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The King AND the National Assembly
Made certain that bread was available for reasonable cost
Many of the more conservative members of the Assembly began to drop out of the government as they were disillusioned by mob violence
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Secularization of Religion
Church property was confiscated and sold to peasants….the money was used to pay off the National Debt
BUT the schools and religious orders who had their land taken now had no way to pay for feeding the poor in their parishes
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1790 The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Created a national church with 83 bishops and dioceses
Was the biggest mistake of the National Assembly
Convents and monasteries were abolished
All clergymen were to be paid by the state and elected (based on citizenship and property qualifications)
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The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Clergy were elected by everyone (males)…Protestants, Jews, agnostics, etc.
Clergy was forbidden to accept the authority of the Pope
The Clergy was forced to take an oath of loyalty to the state (new government) since the Pope had condemned the Revolution
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Result France was deeply divided over religion
The Pope condemned the act as a way to undermine the Church
½ of the French Priests refused to take the oath
They were called The Refractory Clergy and were supported by the King, aristocrats, peasants and working class (and they were jailed)
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Government Reform
France became a Constitutional Monarchy with a unicameral legislative assembly
The Middle Class controlled the government through an indirect method of voting ( property qualifications for voting = middle class voters)
½ of all males over 25 were eligible to vote
The Nobility was abolished
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Government Reform
The National Assembly divided France into 83 departments governed by elected officials
Replaced the old provincial boundary lines
A new system of law courts gave France a uniform administrative structure (83 dioceses, departments, and judicial districts)
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Government Reform
Weakness: Local communities enforced national law at their own discretion…proved to be ruinous
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Economic Reform
Tended to favor the middle class rather than the lowest classes
The Metric System replaced a sloppy system of weights and measures
La Chapelier Law: outlawed strikes, workers coalitions and assemblies of workers
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Economic Reform
Assignats: became the new paper currency
Former Church property was used to guarantee the value of the Assignats
Much of the land was sold to peasants and $ was used to pay the national debt
Eventually assignats became worthless
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The Flight to Varennes
June 1791 The Royals tried to escape France
Louis was trying to avoid being forced to support the new constitution
Louis intended to raise a counter-revolutionary army with émigré noblemen and get help from foreign powers (Austrian HRE , Leopold II, was Marie Antoinette's brother)
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They were captured
And forced to return to Paris
Became true prisoners of the Paris mob
King was forced to accept the constitutional monarchy