NEW STYLES IN NINETEENTH CENTURY ART

Chapter 21

Background info

Growth of academies or art schools in France and England changed the way artists were taught

To encourage interest in new artists, Salons were held yearly

Salon -- exhibition of art created

by Academy members

Neo-Classicism

Style that revived the ideals of ancient Greek and Roman art

CharacteristicsBalanced compositions

Flowing contour linesNoble gestures and expressions

Themes = courage, sacrifice, love of country

Jacques-Louis David

The Death of MaratColor used sparingly

Avoided details that interfered with simplicity of painting

Purpose to stir the emotions.

Jacques-Louis David (cont.)

Napoleon in His StudyPropaganda typical of David's work

Message = Emperor works while people sleep (see clock and candle)

Romanticism Characteristics

Emotional appeal: subjective

Picturesque subjects

Nature, Gothic images, the macabre

Romanticism: Characteristics (cont)

Fragmentation of images to:Dramatize, Personalize, Escape

Expression more important than structure

Diagonal design, twisting figures dramatic use of light

Théodore Géricault

Raft of the Medusa dramatic contemporary event

Eugène Delacroix Glowing colors and swirling action Painted from the inside out (not

outside in with outside contour lines as a guide)

The Lion HuntTheme: Action -- Movement arranged

in circular pattern within an oval of light.

Use of blurred edges, rapid brush strokes, spots of bold color

Color most important element for Delacroix

English Landscape Painters

John Constable

Attempt to capture light and warmth of sunlight, coolness of shadows, motion of clouds and moving water

Wivenhoe Park, Essextiny dabs of pure color, stippled with white, applied with brush or palette knife.

Joseph M. W. Turner

Watercolor painter turned landscape artist in oils.

Concentrated on effects of light and atmosphere on subject matter

Became most important aspects of his works

Joseph M. W. Turner Romantic characteristics:

Fragmented composition: disjointed diagonals

Deep spaceEnergetic brushstrokes, loose painting technique

Expression dominates...a sense of doom

Rich color

Snow Storm: Steamboat off a Harbor's Mouth

View of nature at most violentPainting intangibles: speed, wind, and atmosphere

Realism

Characteristics of Realism

Paint familiar scenes and trivial events as they really looked

Search for spontaneity, harmonious colors, subjects from everyday life

Burial at Ornans subject: ordinary villager's

funeral used friends as models

Gustave Courbet

Édouard Manet Concerned with how to paint,

not what to paint "Only what the eye can see“

The Railway Figures painted as seen, not posed

Avoided details = caught the scene in a quick glance

Rosa Bonheur St. Simonians (sect that believed in

complete equality of women and men and a feminine element in God). -- Awaited a female Messiah; wanted a society based on love, with no war or class distinctions

Father was an amateur painter Fondness for animals as subjects of

paintings and sculptures Combined Romanticism and Realism

Rosa Bonheur The Horse Fair

Bold paintingsBlend of movement, drama and reality

16 feet wide

ImpressionismChapter 21 Section 3

Characteristics of Impressionism See reality through color and

motion --these were omitted by cameraEmphasized presence of color through shadows

Capture the momentUse light to create illusion of distance

Worked outdoors -- natural light, weather conditions

Light and color make an impression on the retina

Characteristics of Impressionism (cont)

Experimentation with variety of techniques

Common themes: Transportation, nature, seasons, change

Pure form lasted 15 years, with lasting effects

Impressionists were a collectivity with rules, membership, and exhibitionsFounders: Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Claude Monet

Influences

Japanese printsuse of several wooden blocks, each inked with a different colored ink and all applied to the same piece of paper.

no illusion of depthusually landscapes or genre scenes

cut off parts of figures

Influences (cont.) Photography

candid (unposed) views of people

showed familiar subjects from new and unusual points of view

Claude Monet Ordinary motifs on site,

emphasized optical truth The way colors and textures

really appear to the eye. Series of paintings at

varying parts of the day to show the movement of light/shadow as day progressed

HaystacksWhite Frost

HaystacksIn the Late Summer

Rouen Cathedral Full Sunlight

Rouen Cathedral

Waterlilies

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Work shows the happy side of life

Avoided night and winter scenes

Richly textured surfaces made by short brushstrokes

Subject Matter: Contemporary

bright colors applied in dabs and dashes that seem to blend together

Le Moulin de la Galette

Blurred Edges

Blues

& violets

instead of

grays, browns,

blacksNo emphasis or center of interestDetails missing because it is but a glance

Edgar Degas

Cutoff figures, unusual points of view, and candid poses

Interest in drawingconcerned with line, form, and movement of the human body.

Racetracks and Ballerinas

The Glass of Absinthe

folded newspaper connects parts of the picture

no legs painted on tables

Mary Cassatt (An American) subjects: tender, peaceful paintings

of women and children

The Boating Party

Berthe Morisot Married Édouard Manet’s brother Eugéne. concentrated on portraits and interior scenes posed models for short periods of time and

painted from memory

The Sister

s

Auguste Rodin

Impressionist sculpturesas he modeled, he added pieces bit by bit to construct forms.

wanted to express joy and sorrow and pain as he saw them

The Burghers of Calais facial expressions and gestures

captured in a moment in time.

Meant to be viewed at street level.

The Thinker