Chapter 21

Chapter 21Equipping the Kitchen Kitchen Design Basics A well designed kitchen is organized for efficiency. An efficient kitchen starts with a floor plan that promotes work flow. Work Flow: is all the steps involved in removing food storage, preparing it, and serving it. Work Centers: areas designed for specific kitchen tasks. Well designed work center includes the equipment needed for the task, enough storage space, and a safe, convenient work space.

Types of Work Centers Cold storage centersThe refrigerator-freezer is the focus of this center. Items might be stored nearby include bags, food wraps, and containers for leftovers. Sink CenterThis center is the main source of water. Cleaning supplies should be nearby.Cooking CenterThis center includes the range and related items such as cooking tools, pots and pans, and potholders.

The Work Triangle The arrangement of the three main work centers in a kitchen forms the work triangle. The distance between any 2 centers should be between 12 and 26 feet. Main path for people should not travel through the work triangle.

Kitchen PlansA kitchens floor plan determines the work triangle. One-wall: all three centers are on one wall. Often have limited storage and counter spaceL-Shaped: have work centers on 2 connecting walls. Corridor: have work centers on facing walls. Convenient for the single cook. U-Shaped: work centers on three connecting walls. Floor Plan Examples

Peninsulas and IslandsPeninsula: is a countertop extension that is open on two sides and on one end.

Island: is a freestanding counter that is open on all sides and is often placed in the center of the kitchen.

Universal Design Universal Design: is a way of making objects and spaces easy to use by everyone, regarding age or physical ability. Wider doorwaysAdjustable countertopsOpen shelves

Small changes can make kitchens better suited for individual needs. Pg. 317 in textbook

Kitchen Components You should consider 3 factors when selecting kitchen components, including cabinets, countertops, flooring, lighting, and appliances.

1. Washability: choose materials that are easy to clean and able to keep surfaces free of harmful substances. Metal, plastic, etc. 2. Moisture Resistance: moisture promotes growth of bacteriaVentilation, exhaust fans, etc. 3. Heat Resistant: only heatproof materials new appliances. Keep flammable objects out of kitchen. Buying for the Kitchen Before You Buy:1. Consider your needsDoes the usefulness justify the cost?Do I have room to store?2. Prioritize FeaturesMeasurementsDifferent features, etc. 3. Conduct ResearchConsumer ReportsReliable Dealer Consumer Safeguards Government agencies, manufacturers, and dealer help ensure that consumers are treated fairly. Look for the safeguards as you shop!Energy Guide Label Yellow label on large appliancesCompare operating costs of different brands/models Energy Star: shows that an appliance meets strict guidelines on efficiency. Seals of Approval Testing agencies give a seal of approval safetyWarrantiesIs a manufactures guarantee that a product will perform as advertised. Service ContractIs an insurance that covers repair and maintenance of a product for a specific length of time. Critical ShopperComparison Shopping best value for your money. Keep written notes as you shopCheck for potential hazardsDo they seem to be made well? Look at the owners manualWhat does the warranty offer?Compare prices

Paying for Purchase Most major purchases are bough on credit. Credit: is a financial arrangement that delays payment for an item. Down Payment: a portion of the purchase price that you must pay before you take the item home. Principal: the purchase price minus the down payment. (what is financed) Interest: is a fee for the loan expresses as a percentageAnnual Percentage Rate (APR): yearly rate of interest that you pay on the principal Finance Charge: the total amount you pay for borrowing. Protecting your Purchase Keep your warranty, owners manual, and sales receipt for every appliance. File documents together

Kitchen Appliances Large Appliances: Ranges, refrigerator, dishwasher

Small Appliances: toaster, food processor, etc. RangesThe conventional range is a single, free-standing unit consisting of a cooktop, an oven, and a broiler. Cooking heat is generated by heating units. Heating Unit: is an energy source in the range. Most ranges have either gas or electric units.

Gas RangesHeating unit is called a burner (visible flame)Electric RangesHeating unit is called an element. Convention OvensUse convection currentsConvection Oven: has a fan that circulates heat to equalize temperatures throughout the oven.

Microwave OvensMicrowave ovens have a magnetron tube that converts electricity into microwaves; a form of energy that travels through space like a radio wave. Microwaves can pass through:PaperGlassPlasticThe molecules in the food absorb the waves and vibrate against each other causing friction. Friction produces heat that warms the food. Refrigerator-FreezersRefrigerator-Freezers create cold storage using a chemical blend called refrigerant. Refrigerant expands into a gas as it circulates in the refrigerator walls. The gas absorbs heat which escapes through the coils on the outside of the refrigerator. DishwashersDishwashers save time and tend to use less water than hand-washing. Water is heated to 140 degrees in order to sanitize dishes.

Small Appliances Small appliances are electrical devices that perform a simple task. Save time and are cheaper and use less energy than major appliances.

BlenderFood ProcessorElectric MixerToasterToaster OvenElectric SkilletSlow CookerBroiler/GrillRice CookerSteamer Food Preparation Tools and Equipment Cookware and BakewareCookware is equipment for cooking food on top of the range.

Bakeware is equipment for cooking food in an oven.

Both are available in a variety of materials.Each material has advantages, disadvantages, and rules for use.Pg. 326-327 Chart Types of CookwareSkillet Also, known as a frying pan. Shallow for browning and frying foods. A griddle is a skillet without sides.

Saucepan A saucepan is a deep pan with one long handle. Saucepans are usually made of metal or heatproof glass. They are used for simmering or boiling.

PotA pot is larger and heavier than a saucepan. They have 2 small handles one on each side.

Double Boiler A double boiler is a small saucepan with a lid that fits into a larger saucepan.

You simmer water in the bottom pan, and gently heat food in the upper pan.

Useful in heating foods that scorch easily. -Chocolate-Sauces-Milk

Dutch Oven Is a heavy pot with a close-fitting lid that can be used on the range or in the oven.

Steamer A steamer is covered saucepan with an insert that holds food over a small amount of boiling water.

Holes in the insert allow steam to pass through to cook the food.

Pressure Cooker A pressure cooker is a heavy pot with a locked-on lid and a steam gauge

Steam builds inside the pot, creating very high temperatures that cook food quickly.

Types of BakewareLoaf pan A loaf pan is a deep, narrow, rectangular pan that is used for baking loaves of bread or meat.

Cookie Sheet A cookie sheet is a flat, rectangular pan with two or three sides open that is used to bake cookies and biscuits.

Baking Sheet Similar to a cookie sheet, but is has 1 inch deep sides.

Baking sheets are used for sheet cakes pizza, chicken, fish, etc.

Cake Pan A cake pan is a round or square pan that is a few inches deep and about 8 to 10 inches across.

Also come in novelty shapes.

Tube Pan A tube pan is a deep, one or two piece cake pan with a center tube.

Tube pans are used for angel food cake and sponge cakes.

Springform Pan Round pan with a removable bottom. The side is latched, which allows you to open gently.

Cheesecakes, and other desserts.

Pie Pan A pie pan is a round pan with slanted sides.

Tart pans are similar in shape but smaller.

Muffin Pan Hold 6 to 12 muffins, rolls, or cupcakes

Roasting Pan Large, heavy oval, or rectangular pan.

Used for roasting meats and whole poultry

Casserole A casserole is used for baking and serving main dishes and desserts.

Come in many different sizes

Aluminum Foil Pan Aluminum foil pans are lightweight and recyclable.

Handheld Tools Measuring ToolsDry Measuring CupsCome in several sizes usually: 1/3 and 1 cup. Liquid Measuring CupsTransparent- Glass or PlasticMarked in fluid ounces, fractions, and cupsMeasuring SpoonsCome in standard sizes of: t, 1 t, and 1 T.

Cutting Tools Bread KnifeHas a serrated blade or saw-tooth blade for slicing bread. Slicing KnifeLarge knife used for meat or poultry Chefs KnifeFrench Knife has a large, triangular blade for slicing, chopping, and dicing.

Utility KnifeSmall slicing knife that is food for cutting small foods such as tomatoes and apples. Boning KnifeHas a thin, angled blade suited for removing bones.Paring KnifeSmall knife for removing the feel from fruits and vegetables

Vegetable PeelerHas a swivel blade for quickly paring fruits and vegetablesKitchen ShearsPowerful scissors used for snipping, trimming, or cutting. Food ChopperSmall food processor: various sizes

Food GrinderGrinds meats, poultry, nuts, and other foods.Pizza WheelRound revolving blade on a handle for slicing pizza or cutting dough. Cutting board Protects the countertop and the knife. Plastic cutting boards resist bacteria.

Keeping Knives SharpSharp knives cause LESS ACCIDENTS

Knives need regular sharpening on a sharpening stone, rod, or steel.

Mixing Tools Spoons, bowls, whisks and other small toolsWire Whisk A whisk is an instrument made of wire loops that are held together by a handle.

Whisks are used for:StirringBeatingWhipping*Incorporate Air

Rotary Beater A rotary beater mixes and whips food more quickly and easier than a spoon or whisk.

Beaters are great for whipping egg whites and creams.

Sifter A sifter is a canister with a blade or ring inside that forces dry ingredients like flour through a wire screen at the bottom to make finer particles.

Pastry BlenderA pastry blender is used to blend shortening/butter into flour.

Makes pastries light and flaky.

Scraper Scraper quickly scrapes food from bowls, pans, and other containers.

Scrapers can also be used for light mixing.

Cooking and Baking Tools Turner A turner, or spatula, lets you life and turn flat foods, such as pancakes on a griddle, or cookies on a cookie sheet.

Tongs Tongs are like giant tweezers for gripping and lifting foods.

Baster A baster is a long tube with a bulb on the end that is used to suction up meat juices or other sauces for basting food that is cooking.

Ladle A ladle is a large, angled spoon with a long handle.

Used for dipping hot liquids from a pan.

Pastry Brush A pastry brush lets you brush a sauce on foods or glazes on pastry.

Rolling Pin A rolling pin helps you roll out dough for biscuits, cookies, and pies.

Never submerge in water!

Wire Cooling Rack A wire cooling rack holds baked goods safely until they cool.

Potholder/Oven MittPotholders and mitts are thick cloth pads that protect your hands while you handle hot containers.

Colander A colander is used to strain water.

Food Thermometers Food thermometers measure a foods exact temperature, which helps with safe and successful cooking. Oven-Safe ThermometersHave a large dial or indicator on a probe; used with large cuts of meats.Instant-Read ThermometersHas a probe with a dial or digital display. Disposable IndicatorIs a heat sensor that changes color when food reaches a proper temperature. Pop-Up ThermometerUsed in turkeys. Pops up when food reaches the proper internal temperature.

Cleaning Supplies Keep food safe by cleaning tools and equipment after EACH use.

Should be washed in HOT SOAPY water

Dishcloths:Washing dishes and cleaning work surfaces. Dishtowels:To dry dishes and equipment. Scouring Pads:Scrub hard-to-clean surfaces Bottle brushInside of jars, bottles, and similar containersDish DrainerTo let dishes air dry. Grills and Grilling Tools

Charcoal GrillUses charcoal to cookHave to wait for coals to heat upAffect taste/ personal preference Gas grills use propane gasComes in a heavy tank that attaches to the base of the grill. More expensive than charcoal grillsSmokerCovered grill that burns aromatic wood chips, flavoring food as it cooks

Handy Items for Grilling BasketVegetablesMetal SkewersTongsMetal SpatulaBasterSpray BottleFireproof mittsGrill BrushHeavy duty aluminum foil catch grease, flare-ups, sticking