CHAPTER 2.0

System Technology

5

2.0

Contents

2.1 Generaland terminology 7

2.2 Buildingsandtheir functions 11

2.3 Climate-controlsystems 13

2.4 Whychilled-beam systems? 17

2.5 Activechilledbeams 19

2.6 Passive chilledbeams 27

2.7 Conditionedoutdoorairandcondensationcontrol29

2.8 Positioningchilledbeamsinrooms 31

2.9 OverviewSolidAirchilledbeamsrange 36

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2.1

Introduction and terminology

7

2.1

Justashumanbeingsthemselves,climatecontrolhasmovedthrough

adevelopment.Throughouthistoryhumanbeingshavealwaystriedto

createthebestpossibleindoorclimatewhentheoutdoorclimatewas

notcomfortable.

Firstofalltheylookedforprotectionagainsttheelements.Thesecondstepconsistedofcreatingtherequiredtemperature,andwecreatedfire.Thethirdstepwastoimproveventilation,i.e.toremovespentairandsmokeandtointroducefreshairfromoutside.Thefourthstepwastoregulatethehumidityoftheair,andthefifthsteptocontrolthecompleteairquality,includingCO2levelsandairpuritywithfilters.Thefinalstepofthisclimate-controlprocessistoensurethateverythingiscarriedoutinanenvironmentallyfriendlymanner,andtoensurethattheenvironmentsufferstheleastpossibleburden.TheessentialelementinthisfinalstepistheapplicationofSolidAirchilledbeams,aswewillshowonthefollowingpages.

Definition of termsWiththeaforementionedstepswedescribehowtheenvironmentinwhichanindividualexistsismademorecomfortableeachtime.Thisbookwillusethefollowingtermsandconcepts.1. The individual -theindividualplacesincreasinglymoredemandsoncomfortinthe

livingenvironment.Thisappliestotheprivatelivingenvironment,butincreasinglytothebusinessenvironment.Anenvironmentiscomfortablewhenitproducesathermallyneutralexperience.

2. The building -protectionagainsttheoutdoorclimate,againsttheelements.3. The climate-control system - controlofthetemperature,airhumidity,airchange,CO2

andairpurityindifferentrooms.4. The room -livingandworkingenvironment.5. Chilled beam -theinterfacebetweentheroomandtheclimate-controlsystem.

Thereisasignificantinterdependencebetweentheindividual,thebuilding,theclimate-controlsystem,theoccupiedzoneandthechilledbeams.Thefollowingparagraphswilldealwiththeseaspects,withthechilledbeamasthelinkbetweentheindividual’ssensationofcomfort,theroom,andtheclimate-controlsystem.

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Thegreaterthedeviationfromtheseidealcircumstances,themorepeoplewillfindtheindoorclimateuncomfortable.Ingeneral,anidealindoorclimatemeansthatthepersonpresentexperiencesthermalcomfortor,inotherwords,isthermallyneutral.

Comfort standardIftherewaseverasubjectiveconcept,ithastobecomfort.Whatiscomfortablywarmforoneperson,istoocoldforanother.ThestatisticalaveragesofpersonalexperiencesofindividualshasbeenusedtodrawuptheEuropeancomfortstandardEN7730.ThiscomfortstandardEN7730providesthedefinitionofathermallycomfortableindoorclimate:“Athermallycomfortableindoorclimateisanoccupiedzonewherethepredictedpercentageofpersonsdissatisfiedwiththethermalcomfortismaximum10%(PPDsmallerthanorequalto10%).”

SpecificationsoftenrefertoEN7730,whichusesthefollowing3importantterms:• Predicted Mean Vote: PMV [-3 to + 3]. Thisisthepredictedaverageopinionontheexperienceofthermalcomfortona7-pointscale.-3istoocold,0isneutral

and+3istoowarm.SpecificationsoftencontaintherequirementofaPMVvaluebetween-0.5and+0.5(withaPPDof10%orless).

• Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied: PPD [%]. Predictedpercentageofdissatisfiedpersonsinrespectofthermalcomfort.Eveninan“ideal”indoorclimate,withaPMV

valueof0,thePPDisstill5%.Inotherwords,howeveridealtheindoorclimatemaybe,5%willremaindissatisfied.• Draught Rating: DR [%]. Predictedpercentageofdissatisfiedpersonsasaresultofdraught.

TheEN7730defines3comfortclasses;seethetablebelow:

comfortclassEN 7730

comfortvaluation

PPD[%]

PMV[-]

DR[%]

A good <6 -0.2 < PMV < + 0.2 <10

B average <10 -0.5 < PMV < + 0.5 <20

C moderate <15 -0.7 < PMV < + 0.7 <30

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Heat production by the individual -themetabolismofindividualsdependsontheirphysicalactivityandleadstoheatproduction&emissiontotheirenvironmentthroughconvection,radiation&evaporation.

heatproduction&

emissionbyindividual

seatedofficework[W]

walkingactivities

[W]

heavyproduction

work[W]

convection 30 50 60

radiation 50 50 70

evaporation 20 100 170

total 100 200 300

Convection - warmobjects&personscreatesurroundingairwithalowerdensity,whichgeneratesanairflow(natu-ralconvection).Thedegreeofconvectiondependsonthetemperaturedifferenceandthesizeoftheobject.

Radiation - temperaturedifferencesbetweensurfacesproduceaheattransferbymeansofradiation.

Evaporation - theevaporationprocessofmoistureonskin(sweat),andofmoisturefromthelungs(breath)requiresenergythatiswithdrawnfromthebody.

Insulation value clothing - clothingdeterminesthewarmth-insulationvalueofindividualstoalargeextent.Asladiesoftendresslighterthanmen,theymayexperi-encethecomfortlevelinthejointliving-workingenviron-mentindifferentways.Thatiswhymenarelikelytofeelwarmsoonerandwomencold.

Room temperature -thisistheaverageoftheairandradianttemperature.

Temperature of surrounding walls - walls,butoutdoorfacades(withglasswindows)inparticular,canbeasourceofheatorcold.

Air velocity - theextenttowhichairvelocitiesareex-periencedascomfortableoracceptabledependsonthetemperatureandthelevelofturbulence.Inwarmerenvi-ronments,ahigherairvelocityisacceptableupto0.25m/scomparedwith0.15m/sforcolderenvironments;abovethesethresholds,thenoticeableairflowisexperiencedasdraught.

Air humidity -inthesummerarelativehumidityofupto50%isexperiencedascomfortable.Ifthehumidityexceeds70%,itstartstofeelsticky.Itmakesitmoredif-ficultforpeopletotransferheatandtheystarttoperspirenoticeably.Inwinter,airhumiditymaynotfallbelow30%.Theairwillhavetobechangedandconditionedinaman-nerthatkeepsthehumiditybetween30and50%.

Heat emission by equipment -equipment,suchascomputers,printers,screens,lighting,coffeemachinesetcconsumeelectricitythatisconvertedintoheat.Theyareheatsourcesthatwillhavealocaleffectontheairflowinrooms.

Thisthermalbalance,orthebasisforthePredictedMeanVote:PMV,isinfluencedby:• Roomparameters,suchasroomandwalltemperature,humidityandairvelocity(leftcolumnbelow)• Themetabolism,thelevelofactivityandclothingoftheindividual(rightcolumnbelow).

Thermal balanceRoom Individual

2.1 10|

2.2

Buildings and their functions

Differentapplicationsofbuildingsleadtospecificthermalandhygienedemands.Thedesignof

climate-controlsystemstakesthisintoaccountwiththeobjectiveofcreatingacomfortableindoor

climatewiththelowestpossibleenergyburdenandcosts.Inthisframeworkwecanlistthefollowing

typesofbuildings,wheretheinitialsystemchoicecanbemadeonthebasisofthebuilding’suse.

1. Office Officesarecharacterisedbyoccupancy.Thereisoftenahighthermalload,duetomanyinternalheatsources,suchascomputers,printersandlighting,andexternalheatsources,suchassunraysonthe,oftenlarge,glasssurfacesinthefacades.Thisloadchangesduringtheworkingday.Thechoiceisoftenforchilledbeams.InlargerofficestheyarecontrolledcentrallybyaBuildingManagementSystem(BMS),supplementedwithindividualsettings.

3. Halls Eventhallsareoftencharacterisedbyahighpercentageofcoolingloadthatneedstobedischarged,duetothemanyitemsofequipmentinthestandsandthelighting.Productionhallsoftenhaveahighheatloadduetomachines,butthenumberofproductionemployeesisgenerallylow.Inhigh-ceilingedhallsitisenergeticallyusefultoconditiontheoccupiedzonewithdisplacementdiffusers.Contaminationisdischargedtotheupperairlayersoftheroomasaresultofnaturalconvection.

2. HospitalHospitalsoftenhavewide-rangingclimaterequirements,dependingonthemedicalfunctionofthedepartment.Operatingtheatresrequirefilteredaironthebasisofverticaldisplacement;policlinicsandbedroomshavechilledbeams.Receptionlobbieswithhighceilingsareoftenfittedwithall-airsystems.Itisalsoimportanttoconsiderthedifferencebetweenworkingpersonnelandrestingpatients.

4. HotelHotelroomshavechangingoccupancy,whichmeansfastregulationisrequired.Thecoolingloadisbasedon1or2persons,fridge,lighting,TVandsometimesonlargewindowsurfaces.Theentrancetoahotelroomoftenhasasuspendedceiling(nexttothebathroom),whereasingle-sidedoutflowchilledbeamwithverticalintakeandhorizontaldischargeairisanidealsolution.Thisalsocomplieswiththehighacousticrequirementsforhotelrooms.Comparedwithtraditionalsolutions,theinitialinvestment,energyconsuptionandthemaintenancecostsarelow.

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5. School, university Largelecturetheatresoftenrequireventilationair,duetohighnumbersofstudents,whichmeansthatall-airsystemscanbeagoodsolution.However,ifmajorthermalloadsalsoplayarole,chilledbeamscanbeappliedtoo.Chilledbeamshavethebenefitoflownoiselevels,whichisanimportantfactorduringteachingorlecturing.Theseapplicationsrequireextraattentiontotheriskofcondensation.

6. Shops, retailShopsrequireaclimate-controlsystemwithflexiblesettingsinordertorespondtoshoplay-outsthatarechangedregularly.Chilledbeamswithahighnumberofsettingoptionsinrespectoftheamountofairandtheoutflowdirectionareanexcellentsolution.

Thechartbelowprovidesanoverviewofthemaximumsoundpressuresandindicationsofcomfortclasses.Specificationsmaydeviatefromthisineitherapositiveornegativesense.Aftercorrectionfortheselectivesensitivityofhumanhearing,soundlevelsareexpressedindecibeldB(A).Duetothelogarithmiccharacterofhumanhearing,thissoundscaleisdefinedlogarithmically.Every3-decibelincreasemeansanaudibledoublingofthesoundlevel.

2.2 12|

Comfort class Sound pressure level Lp dB(A)

occupied zone A B C 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Office boardroom

privateoffice

open-planoffice

meetingroom

Hospital operatingtheatre

ward

treatmentroom

Hotel hotelroom

Leisure restaurant

theatre

cinema

Sport sportscentre

Education classroom

lecturetheatre

Shop/retail clothing

supermarket

Industry productionhall

assemblydepartment

cleanroom

Other bank

library

radiostudio

Thepresenceofpeopleinbuildingsproducesahygienicandthermalloadintheroomsinwhichthey

are.Climate-controlsystemsaredesignedtorealisetherequiredcomfortclassthroughairchange

andconditioning.Inroomsthatcontainmanypeople,suchasconcerthalls,lecturetheatresormeet-

ingrooms,theloadcausedbythosepresentisthemainfactorintermsoftheairpollution.Thesolu-

tionistochooseasystemthatbringsinenoughoutdoorairtoremovethepollutedair.Thismeansa

highventilationratewithaclimate-controlledairflow,whichtransportsenoughheatingandcooling

capacitytotherooms.All-airsystemsaretherightchoiceinsuchapplications.

Modernarchitecture(lotsofglassinfacades)andautomationintheworkplacehaveproducedastrongincreaseinthethermalloadofrooms.All-airsystemsarenotthebestsolutioninthiscaseanymore-thehigherheatloadrequiresmorecoolingcapacity,whichtheall-airsystemsachievewithlargeamountsofairandthecorrespondinglargeair-handlingunits,ductsandaccessories.Thisleadstohighenergycostsfortheairtreatmentandtheairtransport.Atthesametime,theventilationlevelswillbetoohighandwillproducecomplaintsaboutdraught.Air-watersystemsarethebestchoiceinthesesituations-thecoolingorheatingcapacitycanbeadjustedindependentlyoftherequiredventilation-aircapacity.WaterisalsoanexcellentmediumfortheefficienttransportofthermalcapacityBesidescomfortbenefits,thisalsoproducessignificantcostreductions.

• • • • • • 1,5 50-70

• • • • • 4,5 60-140

• • • • • 3 30-50

• • • • • 4,5 50-100

• • • • • • • 3 70-140

• • • 4,5 50-90

• • • 1 30-60

• • • • • • • 4,5 70-140

indoorsituation

characteristics

requiredcoolingcapacityW/m2

acti

ve c

hill

ed b

eam

s

acti

ve c

hill

ed b

eam

s &

VAV

pas

sive

ch

illed

bea

m

con

stan

t vo

lum

e C

AV

varia

ble

volu

me

VAV

fan

coi

l

disp

lace

men

t

pri

mar

y ai

r* L

/s/m

2

*:basedonaminimumof30m3/h/ppor8L/s/ppofventilationair

office

low occupancy,1 person/10-15 m2

high occupancy,1 person/5-8 m2

ventilation,exhaust of used air

no high climate conditions,attention to exhaust of moisture

1 person / 2-3 m2

1 person / 2-3 m2

meeting room, classroom

theatre

museum,corridor

labaratory,dining hall

nursing room,hotel room

retail

low occupancy,high climate requirements

high heat load, equipment, lighting

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2.3

Climate-control systems

Constant Air Volume systemThevolumeflowinCAVsystemsisconstantorratheritissetintwosteps.Theair-supplytemperatureissetfortheroomswiththegreatestcoolingneed.Thismaymeanthatroomswithavariableoccupancy,forexample,willneedadditionalheating,becausetheyarecooledtoomuch.Application:publicrooms.

Variable Air Volume systemThevolumeflowinVAVsystemscanbesetperroominfunctionofthetime,butthetemperatureoftheairflowremainsconstant.Thevolumeflowissetperroomwithcontrolvalves,andthefrequency-controlledventilatorsofthecentralair-handlingunitregulatetheentireairneed.Application:largemeetingrooms.

Fan coilWithfancoils,theroom-airvolumeflowisgeneratedbyafanintheunit.Thisachievesamajorairflowthatproducesalarge,turbulentairflowovertheheatexchanger.Thiscausesamajorandefficientenergytransferfromwaterintheheatexchangertothepassingair.Fancoilshavethegreatestcoolingcapacity,butalsoproducemostnoise.Fancoilscandehumidifytheair(latentcooling),butneedtobefittedwithadrainagesystemforthecondensationwater.Fancoilsgenerallyhavehighmaintenancecosts,becauseofthemovingparts,filters,andadrainagesystem.Application:halls,largeshoppingcentres.

Active chilled beamsThevolumeflowinactivechilledbeamsconsistsoftwocomponents,ventilationairandrecirculationair.Therecirculationairisdrawnintotheheatexchangerbymeansofinductionandisthencooledorheated.Application:offices

Passive chilled beamsTherequiredventilationairisnotaddedviathepassivechilledbeam,butisbroughtseparatelyintotheroom.Thisseparateairsupplycanbemixedordisplaced.Application:officesandroomswithanadditionalcooling-loadrequirement.

2.3 14|

Air distribution - mixing or displacement Thedesigneroftheindoorclimatewillhavetomakeachoiceastohowthesuppliedairisdistributedthroughtheroom.Thevelocity,theflowpatternandtheturbulenceofthesupplyairareimportantparametersforacomfortableindoorclimate.Thereare2typesofairdistribution,beingmixinganddisplacement.

Displacement - the natural air-supply methodInthecaseofdisplacement,thesuppliedairisbroughtinatlowvelocity(approx.0.15–0.50m/s),fromalowpositionintotheroom.Theairdistributesoverthefloorandformsalayeroffreshairwherethepeopleare.Nearheatsourcestheairisheatedandrises.Thereturnairisexhaustedatthetopoftheroomandmixeswiththerisingsupplyairtoaverylimitedextent.Theturbulenceoftheairflowislow,whichmeansthattheairqualityintheoccupiedzoneisveryhighandwouldbecomparabletothelevelofthesuppliedair.Thisisanimportantbenefitofdisplacement.Thelimitedturbulence,incombinationwithheatsources,createsaverticaltemperaturegradient,whichisstillexperiencedascomfortableifitdoesnotamounttomorethan2degreesCpermetre.Consequently5degreesdifferencebetweenfloorandceilinginnormalroomsisstillcomfortable.Iftheintakeairdoesnothaveanundertemperature,therewillbemixingandtheprincipleofdisplacementnolongerapplies.

Disadvantages and risks of displacement:• Itisnotsuitableforheating• Isnotsuitableforlargecoolingcapacitiesatalowairflow• Requiresmorespacewhenitisbuilt-in• Ariskofdraughtneartheintakeunitfortheroom• Sensitivetodisruptingheatsources,openingdoors,etc.

15

2.3

Mixing - an efficient and controlled air-supply methodDuringmixing,theairissuppliedtotheroomatceilingheightwithanoutflowvelocityof2to5m/s.DuetotheCoandaeffect,theairflowmaintainslongcontactwiththeceilingandthehighervelocityinducestheairflow.Thisinductiondrawsintheairfromtheroomandmixesitwiththesuppliedair.Thisprocessmainlytakesplaceabovetheoccupiedzone.Bymixingintheroomair,thetemperaturedifferencebetweentheincomingsupplyairandtheroomairdecreases.Whenthevelocityhasdecreasedconsiderably,theairwilldescend(nearthewallsforinstance)andwillflushthroughtheoccupiedzone.Theairqualityandthetemperaturedistributionisthereforeeventhroughouttheoccupiedzone.

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Chilledbeamscombinethemajoradvantagesofwaterandair.Airensurestheventilationneeds

andwaterservesasanefficienttransportmediumforheatand/orcooling.Thekeyelementsare

acomfortableandhealthylivingandworkingenvironment,highenergyefficiency,compactspace

requirements,minimalmaintenancecostsandextensivearchitecturaloptions.Thatiswhychilled

beamsareincreasinglyappliedinmodernbuildingsforventilationandclimatecontrol.Theextensive

rangeofchilledbeamsformanydifferentbuildingtypesmeansagoodsolutionisalwaysavailable.

Comfort• Thecomfortfunctionsventilation,coolingand

heatingarerealisedbyonesystem-thesystemismultifunctional;

• Thecomfortlevelishigh,ataconstantventilationlevel,thecorrectsystemselectionensuresahighcoolingcapacity.Italsopreventsanuncomfortabledraught.Inotherwords,chilledbeamsaresuitableforventilatingroomswithahighthermalload.

• Thereisalownoiselevelduetocontrolledinflowspeedsandtheabsenceofdrivenrotatingparts.

• Theextraventoptionprovidesextraflexibilityinrelationtolocalcomfortoptimisationandforadjustmentstochangedroomlayouts.

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2.4

Why chilled-beam systems?

Lifecycle costs• Thelayoutoftheroomscanbeflexible;iftheuseoftheroomischangedsubsequently,

modularpositioningfacilitateseasyadjustmenttothenewlayout.Positioningfurnitureanddividingwallscanbechangedwithouthavingtochangethebeams.

• Roomtemperaturescanbesetcentrallyandindividually.• NomaintenancetotheSolidAirchilledbeams,becausetheydonotcontainfilters,

drainagesystemsormovingparts.Itisonlynecessarytoremovedustfromtimetotime.• Extremelyeconomicalduetotheefficientheat/coldtransport,lowmaintenancecosts.

Thismaybeenhancedwithenergy-efficientproductionofhotandcoldwaterbyusingaheatpump.

• Chilledbeamsworkwithoutcondensationinthecoolingmode,hightemperaturecoolingandlowtemperatureheating,doingawaywiththeneedfordrainagesystems,pumps,etc.

• Theamountoffreshairisonly1/3to1/4comparedtoall-airsystems.

Architectural aspects • Alargeamountofarchitecturalfreedom.Theunitscanbeintegratedintotheceilingindifferentways,butcanalso

beexposedtocreateacertainlook.Project-based,architecturaldesignisalsopossible.• Thespacerequirementsareminimal,becausetheheat/coldtransportcapacityofwaterishigh,whichmeansthe

ductsystemsandcentralair-handlingunitcanbeminimisedintermsofdimensions.• Lowbuilt-inheights,whichmakeschilledbeamswidelyapplicableinnewbuildingsandrenovations.

2.4 18|

Activechilledbeamshaveawiderangeofapplicationsandcapacities.Theycanbeusedforoffices,

hospitals,hotels,schoolsandshops.Therearestandardsolutionsforhighceilings,lowceilingsand

forroomswithoutsuspendedceilings.SolidAirsuppliesawiderangeofcomfortchilledbeams,high

capacitychilledbeams,suspendedchilledbeams,andbulkheadunits.Client-specificsolutionscanbe

developedandproducedforspecialarchitecturaldesigns.

2.5

Active chilled beams

ventilationair/primaryairflow

supplyair/tertiaryairflow

supplyair/tertiaryairflow

roomair/secondaryairflow

Active chilled beams have thefollowing 3 functions:• ventilation• cooling• heating.

The ventilation air/primary air has 2 functions, being:• Ensuringtheairqualitywithventilation/airchange• Contributingtothebasicconditioningoftheroom.

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How is the unit constructed?Activechilledbeamsconsistofasheet-steelpressurechamber,sheet-steeloutflowducts,andacopper/aluminiumheatexchanger.Ventilationair(primaryair)isbroughtintothepressurechamber(plenum)andthendistributedevenly.Theventilationairisblownoutthroughthenozzleopeningsatincreasedspeedintotheoutflowducts.Thisincreasedspeedinducestheairabovetheheatexchangeranddrawsitalong.Thisdrawn-inaircreatesanunderpressureinitsturn,whichmeansroomair(secondaryair)istransportedthroughtheintakediffusertotheheatexchanger.Theroomairiscooledorheatedduetocontactwiththefinsoftheheatexchanger.Thesupplyair(tertiaryair)isbroughtintotheroomviatheoutflowducts.Thissupplyairconsistsofventilationair,andthecooledorheatedsecondaryair.Theamountofsecondaryairisgenerallyafactor3to5oftheventilationair.Thesupplyairisblownintotheroomalongtheceiling.

Intheroom,thesupplyairinducesmovementintheexistingairandtheyaremixed.Anactivechilledbeamisthereforeamixingsystem.

Heat exchangersWaterisamuchmoreefficienttransportmediumofheatorcoldthanair.Thespecificheatismorethan4timesgreaterthanthatofair.Water-basedheatexchangersareappliedinchilledbeamsbecauseofthisefficiencyandthereducedspacerequirements.Theheattransferfromwatertoroomairtakesplacebytakingthewaterthrough1ormorecircuitsofcoppertubes,whicharefittedwithaluminiumfins.

Water circuitTherearetwotypesofwatercircuits-2-pipeand4-pipewatercircuits.Thesecircuitsconsistofcopperpipesthatarecoupledwithsoldering.Thediametersareinfunctionoftherequiredcapacity;commonlyusedsizesare3/8and1/4inch(externaldiameter),withawallthicknessofapprox.0.3to0.4mm.Ifwatercircuitsbecomelong(andtheresistancetoohigh),parallelcircuitscanbeused.Theexternalwaterconnectionpointshavevariousversionsandgenerallyalargerdiameter,suchasa12or15mmpipesize.Screwcouplingsarepossibletoo.Thewatercircuitpreferablyhasaturbulentwaterflow.Warmthtransferinturbulentflowsisgreaterthaninlaminarflows.Theruleofthumbisthatthewatervelocitymustbeatleast0.2to0.25m/s.Themaximumwatervelocityis0.8m/s,becausethereisapossibilitythatthewaterflowmayproduceaudiblesoundsabovethatvelocity.Furthermore,theheattransferhardlyincreasesaboveacertainwaterspeed.

2.5 20|

Aluminium finsThealuminiumfinsgenerallyhaveawallthicknessofapprox.0.15mmandarespacedat3to4mmincrementsforactiveunits(and6to7mmforpassiveunits).Thefinpitchisoptimisedpertypeonthebasisoftheparametersairresistanceandheattransfer.2-pipe heat exchangers 2-pipeheatexchangersareusedforhotorcoldwaterorbothinfunctionoftheseasons,theso-calledchange-overmode.Thecentralcontrolprovidesallchilledbeamswithwarmwaterduringcolderoutdoortemperaturesandwithcoldwaterduringwarmeroutdoortemperatures,takingaccountoftheinternalheatload.

4-pipe heat exchangers 4-pipeheatexchangershavetheirownwatercircuitsforcoolingandheating.Asthewarm-watercircuithasahighertemperaturedifferenceinrelationtotheroomtemperature,thewarm-watercircuitisgenerallyshorterandhassmallerdimensionsthanthecold-watercircuit.With2circuitsperchilledbeamitispossibletocoolorheatroomsindependentlyofotherrooms,dependingontheirdifferentheatloads.

Standard water parameters:• Water-sidepressureloss: 0-10kPa.• Waterspeed: 0.2-0.8m/s Thelocalflowspeedinthepipesmayneverexceed1.5m/s.• Thewatermustcirculateatleastonceevery3days.• Waterinlettemperature(incoolingmode): approx.15-18°C. Thetemperatureofthewatermustalwaysbeabovefreezing. Ifthiscannotbeguaranteed,anti-freezefluidmustbe added.• Waterinlettemperature(inheatingmode): approx.35-60°C. Maximumwatertemperaturemaynotexceed90°C.• Testpressure: 15bar AllSolidAirwatercircuitsare100%testedatthistestingpressure.• Operatingpressure: 10barWater quality:• Treatedwater lowmineralcomponent• Acidity between8.0–8.5pH• Carbondioxide lessthan25ppm• Sulphates lessthan17ppm• Chloride lessthan20ppm

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2.5 22|

The induction principle Inductionmeansthatstagnantambientairisdrawnintoanairflow,whichcreatesamuchlargerairflowwithalimitedamountofair.Theratioatwhichthistakesplaceiscalledtheinductionfactor.Theinductionfactoristheratiobetweenthetotalairflow,dividedbytheoriginalairflow.

Inductionfactor=drawnin,inducedairflow+originalairflow

originalairflow

Chilledbeamsuseinductionintwodifferentways;thefirstisaninternalinduction,generatedbythenozzleandthesecondanexternalinduction,generatedbytheairflowingintotheroom.

Induction through airflow from an active chilled beam above the occupied zoneActivechilledbeams,integratedintosuspendedceilings,blowtheair(tertiaryairflow)slightlyangleddownintotheroom.Thisoutflowvelocityrangesfrom2to5m/s.Thisairflowthatentersatananglecreatesanunderpressurejustbelowtheceilingandwilldrawthisairtotheceiling(theCoandaeffect).Theinflowanglemustnotexceed35degrees.Theairflowthatmoveshorizontallytotheceilingwilldrawintheunderlyingstagnantair(inducetheroomair).Thismakestheairflowthicker,andthemixingwillreducethevelocityofthetotalairflow.Thisisalinearrelationship-theinductionfactorremainsaconstant0.2.Everymetrefromthediffusertheairstreamthicknessincreasesby20cm.Thisinductioncontinuesuntiltheairvelocityhasdroppedto0.1–0.2m/s.Thisinductionmixestheinletairproperlywiththeroomair.

The“throw”isanimportantconceptinrelationtothevelocitydecrease.Thisisthedistancefromthediffusertothepositionwheretheaveragevelocityhasdecreasedto0.25m/s.

Themainbenefitsofthisinductionare:• Asmuchairaspossibleintheroomisbroughtintomotion,whichensuresthetemperatureislevelledproperly

(forcomfort)• “Old”airdoesnotremainanywhere,althoughthemixingprinciplemeansthatpartofthe“old”airwillcontinue

toberecirculated• Thevelocitydecreasessufficientlybeforetheoccupiedzoneisreached.

23

2.5

Differentdimensionsofnozzlescanbeselecteddependingontheventilationair/coolingcapacityratio.Thefollowingnozzlesareavailable:A,B,C,D,E,L,eachwithadifferentdiameter.

TheAnozzlehasthehighestinductionfactorandthereforethehighestcoolingcapacityperm3primaryair.Thisrequiresthehighestpressureintheplenum.TheEandLnozzlesupplythehighestlevelofventilationatthesameplenumpressure.Dependingonthenozzletypeandtheoutflowspeed,theinducedairflowcanbe3-6timesgreaterthantheairflowfromthenozzle,whichmakestheinductionfactor4to7.Thisinducedairflow,alsoknownasthesecondaryairflow,flowsthroughaheatexchanger,whichheatsorcoolstheinducedair.Withoutinduction,theairflowthroughtheheatexchangerwouldbemuchlessandlessthermalcapacitywouldbetransferred.

Theselectionofthenozzleconfigurationthereforedeterminesthescopeofthechilledbeamforacertainindoorclimateanditsload.Asusageapplicationsandrequiredcomfortlevelschangedafteraperiodoftime,thepatentedExtraventsolutionwasdeveloped.ThissolutionofferstheoptionofasimplechangetothenozzleconfigurationsbymovingExtraventstrips,whichmeansdifferentnozzlediametersareused.ForeveryExtraventstrip,300mmofnozzlepatterncanbesetwithM5boltswithahexagonsocket.Themagneticsealclosestheinactivenozzles100%andthispreventsundesirablenoiseproduction.

SolidAirExtravent:patentedadjustablenozzleconfiguration

Internal induction through nozzlesThenozzlesaredesignedtocreatethemostefficientpossibleairoutflowfromtheplenum(pressurechamber),whichtheninducesordrawsinasmuchsecondaryair(roomair)aspossibleviatheheatexchanger.Thenozzlecross-sectionhasbeenoptimised,whichmeansfrictionlossesareminimalandthenoiseproductionduetospeedincreaseisminimisedtoo.

24|

DesignActivechilledbeamscreateacomfortableoccupiedzonethroughgoodairdistributionandairmixingwithlownoiselevels.Thecombinationwithheatpumpsinparticularissuitable,becausethechilledbeamsstilloperateeffectivelyatlowertemperatures.

Thepurposeoftheairdistributionistosupplyandremovethepre-treatedventilationairtothedemarcatedoccupiedzone,withthemostcompletepossibleflushingoftheroomwithoutcausingdiscomfortordraught.Theairvelocityoftheventilationairisreducedfromapprox.7-10m/sinthemainductsto2-4m/sintheflexible,acousticductsthatareconnectedtothechilledbeams.Intheinletzone,thetertiaryairisblownintotheroomatapprox.2to5m/s.Thisairflowinducestheroomair,makingtheairflowthicker,andreducingthevelocity(airinductionzone).Whenthisvelocityhasreducedsufficiently,theair(descendandexpansionzone)descendsandenterstheoccupiedzone.Intheoccupiedzone,theairvelocitymuststillamounttomaximum0.2m/s(targetvalue).Whenairflowsaredirectedateachother(colliding),theresultingdownwardflowcansometimesexceedthisvalue.Inthoseapplicationswerecommendpositioningwalkwaysinthoseplaces.Returnaircanbeextractedindifferentways.Oneoptionisviareturndiffusersintheceilingthatareconnectedtoadischargeductorviaafreeflowabovetheceiling.Anotheroptionisviaanintegratedextractfacilityintothechilledbeamsthemselves.Sufficientextractionofthereturnairintherightplacesguaranteesaproperflushingoftheroom.

descendand inlet-expansionarea inductionarea area

occupiedzone(bluedottedline)withairmixingatlowvelocities

Incountrieswithamoderateclimate,standardofficespaces(withnormalceilingheightsandnocornerrooms)requireacoolingcapacityof50–80Wattpersquaremetreofofficearea.Thiscoolingcapacitycanincreaseto140Watt/m2forhigherthermalloads,forexampleinsouthernEuropeancountriesorincornerroomsthathavealotofglass.Morecoolingcapacityrequiresmoreairflow.Roomswithhighceilingsoffertheoptiontoapplyanextralargecoolingcapacity.Forheatingcapacityinoccupiedzoneswerecommendnottoexceed40W/m2floorareatopreventthestratificationeffect-astable,warmupperzoneoftheoccupiedzonewithoutadequatemixingwiththeunderlying,colderlayer.Alowerheatingtemperature,45-50°Cforexample,leadstoabetteroperationoftheheatingfunction.

25

Theselectionandcalculationofactivechilledbeamsforanareamusttakeaccountofthefollowingdesignrules:• Selectthecorrectchilled-beammodelsbyusingtheSolidAirselectionprogrammeortables.• Themaximumrecommendedtemperaturedifferencebetweenthesupplyairandtheroomtemperatureis10degrees.

(Thecoolingsuppliedbythewatersystemofthechilledbeamsistohaveacontrolsystemtocontroltherequiredwatercapacity).

• Strivetoachievelowairvelocitiesintheoccupiedzone-ifpossibleuptoapproximately0.2m/s-toprevent/minimisedraughtcomplaints.

• Thecalculationoftherequiredcoolingcapacitymusttakeaccountoftheheat/coldaccumulatingcapacityofthebuilding,otherwisethereisadangerthatthecalculatedcapacityismatchedtothepeakloadofthedayandmaybetoolargeandtooexpensive.Thesystemcanalsobesmallerindesignifyouusesummernightventilationwithprimaryair,andheatingisacceleratedwithrecirculationair.

• Thedesignofsystemsmustpayspecialattentiontocoolingroomsiftheventilationlevelsaresettoohigh.• Acarefullydesigneddistributionofthechilledbeamsintheceilingpreventschilledbeamsworkingagainsteachother

andcancellingeachotherout.Adequatedistancebetweenthemwillreducetheairvelocitybeforeitenterstheoccupiedzone.

• Ensureadequateventilationair(1.5litre/sperm2floorsurfaceasaminimumstandardorinaccordancewithnationalbuildingstandards).

• Ventilationairoftenrequiresdehumidifyingfirstinordertopreventcondensation.Theminimumcold-watertemperaturetothechilledbeammustbeabovethedewpoint.

• Thedraughtriskrequiresspecialattentionwhentheroomsupplyairisdirectedatacoldwindow,facadeordirectlydownwards(forexampletwosupplyairflowsdirectedateachother)totheoccupiedzone.

• Ensureanadequatedischargeofthereturnair.• Ensureair-tightfacadestopreventundesirableairinfiltration.• Ensureinsulatingandsolarglazing(orseparatesunprotection),sothatcold(inwinter)andheat(duetosunlight)donot

influencetheairflowalongthefacadetoomuch.• Ensureagoodbuilding-controlsystemthatcancontroltheindividualtemperaturesinfunctionoftheinternaland

externalthermalloadsandroomoccupancy.Specialattentionisrequiredwhenwindowscanbeopened,becauseofthecondensationrisks.

• Thecalculatednoiselevelsareexcludingspaceattenuation.Todeterminethenoiselevelinnormalrooms,thesecalculatednoiselevelsareoftenreducedbyapproximately6–10dBspaceattenuation.

• Comfort-technicallycomplexroomscanbesimulatedinameasuringroomontheinstructionsoftheclient,orcalculatedbymeansofcomputationalfluiddynamics.

2.5

normal office areas

summer winter

Ventilation rate for entire room inofficeareasventilateatleasttwiceperhour.inmeetingroomsventilateatleast3–6timesperhour.

Primary air/ventilation air temperature 15 - 18°C. 18 - 22°C.

Static pre-pressure air 40 - 150Pa 40 - 150Pa

Water supply temperature 15 - 18°C. 40 - 50°C.

Amount of water 50 - 350l/h 50 - 120l/h

Pressure drop water 0 - 10kPa 0 - 10kPa

Sound level room 35 - 40dB(A) 35 - 40dB(A)

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Passivechilledbeamsareusedtocoolroomswithhighinternalheatloads,withoutsupplyingad-

ditionalventilationair.Thismeansthatthecoolingcapacitycanbeadjustedspecificallytothehigh

heatloadwithoutthisrequiringunnecessaryventilationairandnoiseproduction.Theenergeticben-

efitsofwaterastransportmediumareusedtomaximumeffectincombinationwithahighcomfort

levelfortheroom.Passivechilledbeamsareextremelysuitableforspecialarchitecturalsolutions-as

anadditiontoexistingsystemsorduringrenovations.

2.6

Passive chilled beams

Passivechilledbeamscanalsobeusedinadditiontoactivechilledbeamswhenadditionalcoolingisrequiredwithoutraisingtheventilationlevels.Therequiredairqualityisrealisedwithaseparateventilationsystem.

Passiveunitsarelesssuitableforheatingrooms,becausetheairflowremainshangingatthetopoftheroomlikeawarmairlayer(stratificationeffect).How is the unit constructed?SolidAirpassivechilledbeams-theOKNPtype-consistofsquarehousingofgalvanisedpowder-coatedsheetsteel,aheatexchangerand,dependingontheversion,aperforatedfaceplate.Heatexchangemainlytakesplaceasaresultofnaturalconvectionandthroughradiationtoalimitedextent.

Passiveunitshaveahighcoolingcapacity,whichisdeterminedbythetemperaturedifferencebetweentheheatexchangeritselfandtheroomtemperature.Thetemperatureoftheheatexchangerisdeterminedbythewaterspeedandthewatertemperature.Alowerwatertemperatureincreasesthecoolingcapacity,butislimitedbytheriskofcondensation(seealsoChapter2.7)anddraught.

Benefits:• Youcancreateanextremelycomfortableoccupiedzone;• Highcoolingcapacity;• Greatarchitecturaldesignfreedom;• Virtuallyinsensitivetochangestotheroomlayout;• Nonoiseproduction;• Applicabletorenovationprojects,forexamplewhen

anexistingair-handlingunitcannotsupplyadditionalcapacity.

27

Versions TheOKNPpassivechilledbeamisavailablein2heights(H),being200and300mm.Uponrequest,lowerhousingheightsarealsoavailable,buttheywillreducethecapacity.Architecturally,theOKNPcanbeusedinthreeways,being:• suspended(substructure)• integratedintotheceiling(built-in,T-barmounted)• abovetheceiling(superstructure).

Forapplicationsthatarebuilt-inorabovetheceiling,thesupplyoftheroomair,whichmustbecooledbymeansofnaturalconvection,mustbeguaranteedwithceilingdiffusersorceilingopenings.Forsubstructures,theruleofthumbisthatthespacebetweentheceilingandthetopofthechilledbeammustbeatleasthalfofthechilled-beamwidth.Ifthisspaceisjust1/3ofthechilled-beamwidth,thecoolingcapacitydecreasesby5%.Withaspaceof1/5ofthechilled-beamwidth,thecoolingcapacitydecreasesby15%.

TheOKNPisavailablein3types,withwidthsof295mm,445mmand595mm.Thesetypesarestandardavailableinsixmodelswiththefollowinglengths:• 895mm • 1795mm• 1195mm • 2395mm• 1495mm • 2995mm

Theheightofthehousingisimportanttogeneratingthenaturalconvection,comparablewiththeheightofachimney.Thechimneyeffectiscausedbythereductionoftheairvolumeduringcoolingwhichmeansitacquiresagreatermassperm3.Asaresultofthisextraweight,theairdescends.Thelongerthechimney,thegreatertheweightoftheairinthischimney(inrelationtotheenvironment).Thepressuredifferenceisnegligiblebetweenthetopandthebottomofthechimney/chilledbeam.HalvingtheheightofthemodelwithH=200mmresultsinalossofcoolingcapacityofapprox.20%,asaresultofthisreducedchimneyeffect.

2.6

Heat exchangerTheheatexchangerhasbeendesignedespeciallyforoptimumheatexchangeduringthisnaturalconvection.Theairresistancehasthereforebeenminimisedwithalargefreedistancebetweenthecoppercoolingpipesandbetweenthecoolingfins.Thecopperpipesarein1rowandhaveadiameterof12.7mm.Thealuminiumcoolingfinsarethicker,forbetterheatconduction,andcanbemadedustfreeduringcleaning(ifrequired).

TherequiredwaterconditionsarethesameasdescribedinChapter2.5.

H

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2.7

Conditioned outdoor air and condensation controlBeforeoutdoorairisintroducedintothelivingandworkingareas,centralconditioningisoften

requiredornecessary.Thisdependsonthenumberofpersonsintherooms(requiredventilation

amount),thedeterminationofthemaximumpermittedrelativehumidity,andsometimesonex-

tremelyhighthermalloads(ifairisalsousedasanadditionalcoolingmediumduetotherequired

capacity).

Fromacomfortandcondensationpointofview,themaximumrecommendedundertemperatureoftheprimaryair/ventilationairis10°C.Ifoutsidetemperaturesarelower(inwinterforexample),theairmustbeheatedbyanair-handlingunituntiltheairsupplyiswithinthismaximumtemperaturedifferenceof10°Cinrelationtotheroomtemperature.Itmayalsobenecessarytodehumidifytheair.

Inordertopreventexpensiveandmaintenanceunfriendlycondensationcontainersanddrainage,thesystemsmustbedesignedinawaythatpreventscondensationordropletformationintheheatexchanger.

Tocontroltheairhumidityitisimportanttokeepwindowsclosedasmuchaspossible(ortousewindowcontactsecuritytoadjustthecoolingwatercircuittemperature).Inthesummerthehabitistoopenthewindows,whichmeansthatoutdoorairwitharelativelyhighhumidityenters,whichincreasesthechanceofcondensationincombinationwithahighheatload(andconsequentlyalowwatertemperature).

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As an indication:airof22°Cand35%%Satcontains006kg/kg(wintercondition:indoorroom).airof20°Cand60%%Satcontains008kg/kg.airof26°Cand80%%Satcontains017kg/kg.

Thefollowingtwofactorsinfluencecondensationprevention:• Controloftheairhumidityoftheventilationair.Humidifyingisrequiredinwinteranddehumidifyinginsummer;• Determinationoftherequiredtemperatureofthecooling-watersupply,whichmustbeabovethedew-point temperature.

Measurementsinpracticehavedemonstratedthatthelowestpermissiblecooling-watersupplytemperatureforactivechilledbeamscanbe1.5degreesbelowthecalculateddewpoint,whilstjustavoidingcondensation.Inpractice,this1.5de-greesisnotincludedinthedeterminationofthecooling-watersupply,butservesasanextrasafetymarginforunforeseenloads.Forpassivechilledbeamsthelowestpermissiblesupplytemperaturemustbe0.5degreesabovethecalculateddewpoint.

Examplesofthelowestpermissiblecooling-watertemperatureswhenyoujustavoidcondensation:

2.7

Theriskofcondensationcanbecon-trolledactivelybyequippingtheSolidAirchilledbeamswithcondensationsensorsinthecooling-watercircuit.(productoption)

Iftheventilation-airtemperatureap-proximatesthedewpoint,vapour-tightinsulationoftheplenumisarecom-mendedoption.

chilled beamroom

temperature °CSaturation

% Sat.

dew pointtemperature

°C

lowest permissiblecooling-water temperature

°C

recommended lowestcooling-water temperature

°C

active

22 64 15 13,5 16,5

24 70 18 16,5 19,5

25 50 13,5 12 15

passive 24 70 18 18,5 20

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2.8

Positioning chilled beams in rooms

SolidAirchilledbeamscanbesplitinto5categoriesintermsofintegrationandlocationintheroom.1. Integratedintotheceiling,1or2sidedoutflow (OKNI&OKNH)2. Builtintothewall,horizontaloutflow (OKNB)3. Integratedintotheceiling,1,2,3or4sidedoutflow (OKNM)4. Suspended,1or2sidedoutflow (OKNV)5. Integratedorsuspendedwithverticalnaturalconvectionasoutflow (OKNP)

Allunitshavethecommonbenefitoflongoutflowopenings,whichmeansalargeamountofaircanbebroughtintotheroom.TheactivechilledbeamscanusetheCoandaeffectiftheceilingisneartheoutflowingair.Theairisdrawnagainsttheceilingandmixeswithroomairthroughinduction.Thishas2majorbenefits,asitensuresgoodmixingandtemperaturedistributionoftheroomairandtheairvelocitywillbereducedconsiderablyoutsidetheoccupiedzone,topreventorminimisedraughtphenomena.Takeaccountoftheinfluenceofcold/warmfacadesandmajorheatsourcesintheroom,suchascopiers,computers,andstronglighting(bulbs,halogenlamps).Theycancauseconsiderabledisruptiontotheairflowatlocallevel.

Varioustypesofactivechilledbeamscanbefittedwiththeoptionalflowpatterncontrolblades,whichcanturntheoutletdirectionupto45degrees.Thisenablesanevenbetteralignmentoftheairflowswitheachotherandpreventscounteractingflows.Thisoptionisalsoidealifthelayoutoftheroomischangedatalaterstage,asitenablesoptimisationoftheairflowstothenewsituation.

Developmentshavebeenmadeforintegratingchilledbeamsinmanyceilingsystems.Forinstance,optimumsolutionsareavailableforT-barceilings,suspendedceilings,plasterboardceilings,blindorconcealedmodularceilings.Evenwhenarchitectshavedevelopedtop-designceilings,specialtailoredsolutionscanbedevelopedandproduced.Theoptimumceilingdesignmusttakeaccountoftheintegrationtolerances(oftheoutsidecontourofthechilledbeam)andthedimensionsofanyflanges.Foreverytypeofchilledbeam,thishasbeensetoutinthetechnicalspecifications;seethefollowingChaptersandproductsheets.

31

2.8

1a. Perpendicular to the facadeThispositioningmethodisoftenappliedinGreatBritainandinScandinaviancountries.Thebenefitisthatitgenerallyrequiresfewerunits.Pointsofattentioninclude:• Greaterriskofdraughtintheoccupiedzone(collidingairflows);• Notsoeasytocompensatefacadeeffects;• Lessflexibilityincaseoffuturechangesintheuseoftheroom.

1b. Parallel to the facadeParallelpositionsinrelationtothefacadeareappliedfrequentlyinGermany,theNetherlandsandBelgium.Thereisopti-mumventilationfortheentireroom.Theflowagainstthefacadecompensatesanynegativeeffectscausedbythefacade.Theairdescendsmainlyviathefacadesandthewallstoensuretheconditionedairreachesalargepartoftheoccupiedzone.Positioningpermodulemeansthattheroomcanbelaidoutdifferentlyatalaterstage.

1. Integrated into the ceiling, 1 or 2 sided outflowTherearevariousversionsoftheOKNIandtheOKNHtofacilitatetheirintegrationintotheceiling;seethefollowingparagraphs.Therearetwopossibleorientationsforpositioningintheceiling,beingperpendicularorparalleltothefacade.

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3. Integrated into the ceiling, 1, 2 ,3 or 4 sided angled outflowThecomfortunits,theOKNM,haveafour-sidedoutflowpattern,whichmeanstheroomshaveoptimumventilationandtheairvelocitiesarekeptaslowaspossible.Ifseveralunitsareusedinoneceiling,theymustbepositionedinsuchamannerthatthediffusingairflowsdonotcollidebutarepositionedalongsideeachother.

2. Built into a bulkheadTheOKNBhasbeendevelopedespeciallyforbeingbuiltintoabulkhead,justbelowtheceiling.Theairisdrawninverticallyandflowsouthorizontally,preferablytowardsthefacade.Theseunitsareoftenusedinhotelrooms(compactintegrationintothesuspendedentranceceiling).Oneunitwouldbeusedperhotelroomorpatientroom.

33

2.8

4. Suspended, 1 or 2 sided outflowThesuspendedunits,theOKNV,offerthearchitectahostofoptionsandareappliedwhenthereisnosuspendedceiling.Theseunitsarethebestchoiceforgoodcomfortinareaswithhighceilings.Thepositioninginrelationtoeachotherisgovernedbythesamedesignrulesasunderpoint1.Thesuspendedunitsmayevengeneratetherequiredhorizontaloutflowwithoutthepresenceoftheceiling,asthewingsoneithersideoftheOKNValsogeneratetherequiredCoandaeffect.

5. Integrated or suspended with vertical natural convection as outletTheefficientapplicationofpassivechilledbeamsdependsonthecorrectpositioningoftheunitsintheroominrelationtothedifferentinternalandexternalheatsources.Forexample,theseunitsareappliednearfacadestoneutraliseheatingcausedbysunrays,inordertoobtainamoreeventemperaturedistributionintheroom.Whenpassivechilledbeamsarecombinedwithdiffusers,itisimportantthattheconvectionflowofthepassivechilledbeamisnotinfluenced.Combiningpassivechilledbeamswithwalldisplacementdiffuserscreatesacomfortableindoorclimatethroughthedescendingconvectionflowmixedwithalowsupply-airvelocity.Passivechilledbeamsmustnotbepositionedabovetheoccupiedzone.Ifthiscannotbepreventedfromalayoutpointofview,itisrecommendednottopositionworkstationsdirectlyundertheseunitstopreventdraughtcomplaints.Ifthisposi-tioningcannotbeprevented,itisrecommendedtopositionthemabovetheceilingandtoperforatetheceiling,sothatthedescendingairflowcanbedistributedtosomeextent.Asystemcanalsobedesignedtobeself-regulatingtosomeextent(i.e.withoutathermostat),whenthewatertempera-turesarechosenclosetotheminimumroomtemperature(e.g.watersupply19°C,waterdischarge22°C).

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35

2.9

Overview Solid Air chilled beams OKN range.

36 2.9

standardactivechilledbeam comfortunit

passivechilledbeam

custom-madechilled

beam

Version OKNI OKNV OKNB OKNH OKNM OKNP specials

Chapter 3 & 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Building type

Office

Hospital

Hotel

School,university

Halls

Airport,railwaystation

Integration location

Omega-profileceiling

Covewall

Plasterboardceiling

T-barceiling

Suspended

Nom. dimensions

Lengths[mm] 1200 - 3000 1200 - 3000 1000 900 - 3000 600, 1200 900 - 3000 1200 - 3000

Widths[mm] 300, 400,450, 600 600 - 750 900 - 1100 600 600 300, 450, 600 300 - 600

Height 235 - 340 235 - 340 240 205 - 240 300 200 - 300

Air-connectiondiameter[mm] 125 - 200 125 - 200 125 125 - 160 125 80 - 200

Functions

Ventilation

Cooling

Heating

Electricheating

Extra functions

Extravent

Flow-controlpattern fortypes450and600

fortypes450and600

Condensationcontrol

Capacity data

Ventilationair[m3/h] 20 - 280 20 - 280 35 - 190 20 - 280 30 - 100 uponrequest

Ventilationair[l/s] 5,5 - 87 5,5 - 87 9,7 - 53 5,5 - 78 8,3 - 28 uponrequest

Coolingcapacityair[W]ΔT10:Tr–Tpri 315 315 638

(perunit) 315336

(perunit600x600)

uponrequest

Coolingcapacitywater[W/m]ΔT10:Tr–Twi 395 395 770

(perunit) 571470

(perunit600x600)

440 uponrequest

Heatingcapacitywater[W]ΔT30:Twi–Tr 830 830 1450

(perunit) 10751160

(perunit600x600)

uponrequest

Heatingcapacityelec[W] 500 & 1000 500 & 1000 uponrequest

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