chapter 20 golf and club management
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Chapter 20 Golf and Club Management. Introduction. Within the last decade, close to 30 million Americans played golf on nearly 16,000 courses - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Recreational Sport
Chapter 20
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Introduction• People seek to be involved directly or indirectly with
recreational activities for a variety of reasons, including fun, excitement, relaxation, social interaction, physical or mental challenge, and lifestyle enhancement.
• The recreation industry in the United States is extensive and diverse, although the various segments usually share a common mission.
• Direct participation: Active performance in an activity• Indirect participation: Spectators contributing to economic
base, effective strategy for tourism industry (e.g., triathlons)
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History: The Rise of Recreation• 1800s: Leisure time emerged as a result of urbanization and
industrialization.• Increase in perception of recreation as:
– Important to growth and health of individual – A means to improve community well-being
• The parks movement resulted in the establishment of public lands, such as Central Park in New York City.
• Technological advances such as the bicycle and golf ball.– Moderate prices of sporting goods made recreation
accessible to more people.
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History: The Rise of Recreation (cont.)
• Growth of YMCA and YWCA• Increased fascination with American wilderness• Creation of formal organizations (local clubs, national
associations) devoted to recreation (Boy Scouts/Girl Scouts)• 1900s: Organized summer camps for children (fresh air)• Post WWII: Establishment of armed forces recreation• Emergence of commercial recreation enterprises (Ski)• Federal legislation passed that promoted recreation• 2010: America’s Great Outdoors Initiative to reconnect
people in the United States, particularly children, to the nation’s natural and cultural heritage
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Trends in Participation• The total number of people who participated in one or more
outdoor activities grew by approximately 7.5% from an estimated 208 million in 2000 to 224 million in 2009.
• The total number of participation days in all activities increased from 61 billion to 81 billion, representing growth of approximately 32% (Cordell, 2012).
• Walking for pleasure is most popular recreational activity.
• Extreme sports participations has grown at variety of ages.
• Over the past 5 years, the recreational activities with the greatest growth rate among individuals have been adventure racing and triathlons. Adventure racing has grown by 211%, off-road triathlons by 199%, and traditional triathlons by 174% (Outdoor Industry Association, 2013).
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Trends in Participation (cont.)
• Recreation industry can capitalize on baby boomers moving into retirement.
• 68% expect to participate in recreational activities during retirement.
• There is an anticipated increase in racial and ethnic diversity in urban areas.
• Recreation industry will need to respond to needs of a more diverse population.
• Challenge will be to sustain growth by continuing to attract youth to activities, possibly through new technology such as mobile devices and recreation-based applications.
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Segments of Recreation Industry: Community-Based Recreation
• Local parks and recreation departments and community agencies such as the YMCA, YWCA, Jewish Community Centers, Girls and Boys Clubs, and Scout organizations
• Participants united by a common interest in recreation at the local level.
• General services offered by local parks and recreation departments that target specific ages through youth/senior centers
• Parks and recreation departments supported through mix of local property tax money, user fees, and sponsorships
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Segments of Recreation Industry: Public Recreation
• Recreational opportunities on public lands managed by state forest and parks departments, the National Park Service, and the National Forest Service.
• Negatively impacted by federal funding reductions.• Policy issues regarding vehicle congestion,
recreational vehicle access, deteriorating infrastructure, and control of visitor volume and duration.
• The National Forest Service employs 30,000 permanent employees to manage the nation’s 191 million acres of forest lands.
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Segments of Recreation Industry: Military Recreation
• Maintained by U.S. Department of Defense
• Majority of employees at military facilities are civilians rather than military personnel
• Mission is fitness and military readiness of personnel• Armed services also provide an array of recreational
opportunities for families on bases as a means of improving overall morale and sense of community.
• Support programs for disabled veterans and the training of enlisted men for Olympic and Paralympic competitions
• Challenge: Recent decreases in appropriated funds are affecting program quality
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Segments of Recreation Industry: Outdoor Recreation
• For those who enjoy natural environments in different seasons
• Highly diverse industry: Mix of for-profit and not-for-profit
• Outdoor recreation economy is $646 billion business, 140 million people in the United States participating annually
• Spending on outdoor recreation falls primarily in two categories: Outdoor recreation product sales (e.g., gear, apparel, footwear) and trips and travel-related spending
• Segments include skiing, snowboarding, boating (rafting, canoeing, kayaking, and sailing), golf, summer camps, backpacking and camping, natural resource management, and tourist travel
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Segments of Recreation Industry: Campus Recreation
• Includes any recreational activity provided by colleges or universities, ranging from exercise facilities and fitness programming to club and intramural sports and coordinated outdoor recreation activities.
• Three out of four college students participate in campus rec.
• Excellent opportunities for students to participate in a variety of outdoor activities and develop instructional and leadership skills through instructor training programs
• NIRSA and the Association for Experiential Education provide educational trainings and host activities to develop prospective leaders in campus recreation.
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Segments of Recreation Industry: Therapeutic Recreation
• The use of recreational activities improves a participant’s physical, emotional, and mental health.
• Offered through park and recreation departments, independent living centers, schools, community mental health agencies, specialty recreation organizations, and social service agencies.
• Diverse programs offered to assist with the modification of behaviors to improve holistic health.
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Career Opportunities• Opportunity to work indoors or outdoors, for a
public or private group, or a for-profit or non-profit company
• Introduce others to the benefits of participation at any age and any ability level
• Expect a high degree of professionalism service in instruction and overall service delivery
• Responsibility to deliver these programs with a high degree of skill and manage them with an eye to providing acceptable degrees of risk
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Job Search Strategies
• Participate in a variety of activities.
• Develop general instructional and programming skills.
• Refine skills in several specific programming areas.
• Consider associated skills that can strengthen a resume.
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Professional Preparation• Recreation skills approach: Shorter, more intensive
preparation in particular area, often resulting in certification
– National Outdoor Leadership School
– Outward Bound
• College−university approach: Academic program of one, two, or four years’ duration at college or university, which provides broader knowledge base
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Current Issues• Federal, state, and local governments have reduced
their proportionate share of recreation budgets.
• Deteriorating park and recreation infrastructures, increasing crime, and declining federal, state, and local tax resources.
• Making facilities safe from vandalism, crime, gangs, and substance abuse to enhance image and facility usage.
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Current Issues (cont.)
• Public sector (government)– Owns and manages trails, beaches, information
centers, and wildlife• Private sector (nongovernment)
– Often provides jobs and services enabling people to enjoy their experiences
• Effective government coordination needed between all parties to promote viable recreation and tourism industry
• Park managers need to be politically savvy.– Balance a variety of constituents’ interests in
public lands and handle the public scrutiny
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Current Issues: Public and Private Sectors
• Improved environmental awareness is necessary as instructors, guides, and managers need to abide by strict regulations.
• Need to also develop cultural awareness as recreation has become more global
– Understand local customs, laws, and environment
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Current Issues: Americans with Disabilities Act
• People with physical disabilities are growing more interested in enhancing their lives with physical activity.
• Programmers need to adapt and promote programs to meet a variety of abilities and disabilities.
• Outdoor Recreation Accessibility Guidelines (2006)• Need for an understanding of how a shift from institutional
care to home-based care will affect delivery of health services
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Current Issues: Risk Management• Risk management plans needed:
– To establish guidelines for equipment and facility use
– For program development and operation – For management of changing environmental
conditions– For emergency preparedness
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Current Issues: Risk Management (cont.)
• Elements of risk management plan
– Participant health screening prior to participation to determine the appropriate level of involvement
– Preprogram information to inform participants about an activity
– Equipment and facility safety checks
– Criteria for staff hiring, including necessary activity certifications or experience and first aid credentials
– Continuing education and training for staff
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Current Issues: Risk Management (cont.)
– Recommended progressions of activities that meet current national standards
– Adequate staff–student ratios and protocols for general and specific supervision of groups
– Emergency response protocols, including first aid response, evacuation, and search and rescue
– Critical accident protocols, including those covering interaction with families and the press
– Informed Participant Consent
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Summary• Challenging recreational activities offer both a
diversion for the public and a partial solution to problems faced in our society.
• Industry professionals face numerous challenges as they seek to provide quality recreational experiences for diverse participants.
• Recreational specialists will need to bring a broad range of skills to their positions and continue their education to deliver quality experiences that meet consumer demands and current standards in the field.