chapter 20 air masses - mrsbyrdplanet.weebly.com · chapter 20 air masses. air mass an air mass is...
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Chapter 20 Air Masses
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Air Mass
�An air mass is an immense body of air that is characterized by similar temperatures and amounts of moisture at any given altitude
�When an air mass moves out of the region over which it formed, it carries its temperature and moisture conditions
�As it moves, the characteristics of an air mass change and so does the weather in the area over which the air mass moves
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Classifying Air Masses
y Air masses are classified by temperature and surface area over which they form
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Classifying Air Masses
NAMEP – Polar
LOCATIONHigh Latitudes towards the poles
TEMPERATURECold Temps
T – TropicalLow Latitudes towards the equator Warm Temps
C – Continental Over land massCold or warm, depending on the latitude
M – Maritime Over waterCold or warm, depending on the latitude
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Four Basic Types of Air Masses
cP – Continental Polar•dry and cool•cold and dry in winter and summer
cT – Continental Tropical•dry and warm•hot, drought-like conditions
mT – Maritime Tropical•wet and warm•source of precipitation in the United States
mP – Maritime Polar•wet and cold•mild, humid, unstablecold air from Canada
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Weather Patterns in North America
Weather in North America is influenced by continental polar and maritime tropical air masses
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Fronts
�When two air masses meet�boundary separating
the two air masses.
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Warm Fronty A warm front – warm air
moves into an area formerly covered by cooler air
y Warm air glides up over a cold, dense air mass
y Weather Conditions: Light to moderate rain
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Cold FrontCold air mass moves into an area occupied by warmer air.
Weather Conditions: Thunderstorms
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Stationary and Occluded Fronts
y stationary front: The surface position of the front does not move (steady rain for days)
y occluded front: when an active cold front overtakes a warm front
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Middle Latitude Cyclone
y Large centers of low pressure
y Travel from west to east
yCauses stormy weather
y Also known as Nor’ Easterns
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The Role of Airflow Alofty Plays an important role in
maintaining cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulation
y More often than not, air high up in the atmosphere fuels a middle latitude cyclone
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Severe Storms
yThunderstormsyTornadoesyHurricanes
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Thunderstorms
y Is a storm that generates thunder and lightning
y Frequently produces gusty winds, heavy rain, and hail
y Associated with cumulonimbus clouds
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y Lightning: results from the build up and discharge of electric energy between positively and negatively charged area
y Thunder: the sound of rapidly expanding gases usually associated with lightning
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Occurrence and Development of Thunderstorms
y Occurrence{At any given time, there are an
estimated 200 thunderstorms in progress on Earth
{Mostly in the tropicsy Development{ Thunderstorms form when
warm, humid air rises in an unstable environment
{ 3 StagesÙ Cumulus: build-up of
clouds and moistureÙ Mature: Heavy rain fall,
most active timeÙ Dissipating: light rain,
storm is calming down
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Tornadoes
y Tornadoes - violent low pressure windstorms that take the form of a rotating column of air (vortex).
y The vortex extends downward from a cumulonimbus cloud producing rain and hail
y Move counterclockwise
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Occurrence, Development, and Intensity of Tornadoes
y Occurrence{ 770 occur each year
y Characteristics{ Diameter 150 to 600 m{ Speed – up to 300 mph{ Travels in a NE path{ Forms in Cold Fronts
y Tornado Season {April to June{Associated with severe
thunderstormsy Intensity{Fujita Tornado scale {Based on the amount of
damage
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Fujita Tornado Scale
Category Winds (MPH) Winds (KPH) Damage
F0 <73 <116 Light damage
F1 73-112 116-180 Moderate Damage
F2 113-157 181-254 Considerable Damage
F3 158-206 254-332 Severe Damage
F4 207-260 333-419 Devastating Damage
F5 >260 >419 Incredible and SpeechlessDamage
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Tornado Warnings vs. Watches
y Watches : Possible of a tornado to developed in the area
y Warning: Tornado has been soon by people or indicated by radar
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Hurricanes
y Whirling tropical cyclones (low pressure system) producing winds of at least 119 km per hour (73 mph)
y US – Hurricanesy Pacific – Typhoonsy Indian Ocean – Cyclonesy Most powerful storm on Earth
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Occurrence and Development of
Hurricanes
Occurrencey Form between 5 and 20 degrees
north and south latitudey Season: June 1 to November
30th
Development of Hurricanesy Hurricane develop most often in
the late summer when water temperatures are warm enough to provide the necessary heat and moisture to the air
y Low Pressure: Spins counterclockwise
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Parts of a Hurricane
Eye: Center of storm, warmest part, winds cease, rain ceases
Eye wall: Strongest winds and rain
Spiral Rain Bands: extend out from the eye wall
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Hurricane Intensity
y Storm Surge: is a dome of water that sweep across the coast causes by the hurricane’s winds
y Caterized on the Saffir-Simpson Scale (based on wind speed)
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Hurricane Warning and Watches
y Hurricane Watch: could see hurricane related hazards within 48 hours
y Hurricane Warning: Could see hurricane winds within 36 hours