chapter 2 theories of development. theories help to organize a huge body of info help to focus our...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2Th
eorie
s o
f D
evelo
pm
en
t
Theories
Help to organize a huge body of info
Help to focus our search for new understandings
Help us to explain how findings might be interpreted
Help to identify major disagreements among scholars
The Psychoanalytic Approach
Sigmund Freud
1
Structures of the Mind
The Developing Personality
Psychosocial Crises and Development
Erik Erikson
2
Stage One: InfancyAge: 0 to 1 years oldCrisis: Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
Stage Two: Early ChildhoodAge: 2 to 3 years oldCrisis: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
Stage Three: Preschool ChildrenAge: 3 to 5 years oldCrisis: Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
Stage Four: Middle ChildhoodAge: 6 to 12 years oldCrisis: Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
Stage Five: AdolescenceAge: 12 to 18 years oldCrisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
Stage Six: Young AdulthoodAge: 18-25 yearsCrisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
Stage Seven: Middle AdulthoodAge: 25-65 yearsCrisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
Stage Eight: MaturityAge: 65 years until deathCrisis: Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
The Cognitive Development Approach
Jean Piaget
3
Stages
Functional Invariants
•Assimilation•Accommodation
Three fundamental themes:1) Concept of development2) Social & cultural
development3) Speech
The Cultural Framework Approach
4
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
Reinforcer
Positive=AddPositive=Add
Negative=RemoveNegative=Remove
Punishment
Negative=RemoveNegative=Remove
Positive=AddPositive=Add
Bandura & Social Cognitive Learning
Observational Learning
Social Cognitive Learning
6
A Bioecological Model
• Development depends on context
Our response causes a change in others
Their responses to us then change
This produces new changes in us
Reciprocal Interactions
7
