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CHAPTER 2

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

“It is only as regards those who fought against you on account of religion and have driven you out of your homes, and helped to drive you out, Allah forbids you to befriend them. And whosoever will befriend them, then such are the Zalimun (wrong-doers – those who disobey Allah).” (Al-Mumtahanah:9)

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2.1 THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

1826: The Straits Settlements -

• The first capital was Penang

• Penang, Malacca and Singapore

• 1832: Singapore became capital of the Straits Settlements

• 1867: Straits Settlements became a Crown Colony under the control of the Colonial Office in London

• 1857: Petition for transfer of administration from India’s control to London

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2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE

After the Straits Settlements became a Crown Colony, British began to move into the Malay States and be involved in their affairs.

Reasons for British

Intervention in Malaya

Need to protect British trade route to the East

Demand for tin

Anarchy in the Malay States

Fear of other foreign intervention

Change of British policy from non-intervention to intervention

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MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE2.2

REASONS FOR THE BRITISH INTERVENTION

IN MALAYA

The need to protect British trade route to the East

Change of British policy from non-intervention to intervention

Anarchy in the Malay states

Demand for tin

Fear of other foreign intervention

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2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE

British Intervention in Perak: 1874

There were rival claims to the throne in Perak

Raja Abdullah, claimant to the Perak throne asked the British for help

Sir Andrew Clarke called a meeting of Perak Chiefs. This resulted in signing of the Pangkor Engagement

Sir Andrew Clarke

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2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE

Terms of Pangkor Engagement:

• The British recognised Raja Abdullah as rightful Sultan of Perak.

• The British were allowed to establish their control of Perak through the appointment of a British Resident.

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2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE

Malay Resistance in Perak

• Local chiefs did not support idea of a British Resident

• They were afraid of losing power and income

First Resident of Perak: J.W.W. Birch

Made many decisions without asking local chiefs

He was disliked and murdered in 1875

J.W.W. Birch

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2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE

Second Resident of Perak: Sir Hugh Low

• Familiar with Malay customs and traditions• Was able to introduce the Residential System successfully

Reforms of Hugh Low

Established Perak State CouncilEstablished state treasuryEstablished law and order

Ended debt slaveryEncouraged people to invest in

agriculture and to develop better communication links

Sir Hugh Low

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Malay Resistance in Pahang

2.2 MALAYA UNDER BRITISH RULE

• In 1888, J.P. Rodger was appointed British Resident in Pahang

• Local chiefs in Pahang resented British system

• Revolt staged against the British

• Revolt ended in 1895

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2.3 THE BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

Year State First British Resident

1874 Perak J.W.W. Birch

1875 Selangor J.G.Davidson

1888 Pahang J.P. Rodger

1895 Negri Sembilan

Martin Lister

Under the Residential System:• Sultan retained sovereign rights as head of states, Islamic religion and Malay customs• British Resident advised Sultan on matters of administration

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2.3 THE BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

What is the residential system?I am appointed resident of Perak.

I will advise you on government matters.... Yes, but Malay

religion and customs are under my control.

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2.3 THE BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

What are the duties of a resident?Job of a resident

Maintain law and order

Promote economic activities

Set up a system of administration

Set up a system of revenue collection

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Promote economic activities

Set up a system of revenue collection

Job of a resident

2.3 THE BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

Residential System

Advantages Disadvantages

• economic development (tin mining, rubber plantation)• growth of towns• development of transportation system• development of communication systems• social reform eg. Medical services

• weakened the power of the Sultans• no co-ordination among the states

Maintain law and order

Set up a system of administration

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2.3 THE BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

Sir Frank Swettenham, Resident of Perak proposed that Perak, Selangor, Pahang and Negri Sembilan should form a federation.

The British felt it would encourage more investors.

In 1896, Federated Malay States was formed.

The British wanted to introduce a centralized and co-ordinated administration.

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2.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

Tin Industry1848: Tin discovered in Larut, Perak. Perak’s revenue increased. New towns opened, new industries set up. Transport and communication systems improved.

1929: World Depression caused decline in tin demand. Over-production led to fall in tin prices.

1931, 1934, 1937, 1941: International Tin Agreement signed by tin producing countries to restrict tin production.

1959: After World War II, tin in demand again. Another International Tin Agreement was signed.

1880s: More tin discovered in Kinta valley, Perak.

1883: Malaya became the world’s largest producer of tin

Tin producing factory

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2.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

• Increased world demand caused by canning industry.

• Discovery of large deposits of tin.

• Invention of better tin mining methods.

• Influx of Chinese immigrants to tin mines.

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2.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

Rubber Industry

1877: Rubber seedlings planted in Perak

1910: Price of rubber rose

1920s and 1930s: Following outbreak of World War I, there was rubber slump

1919: Malaya produced half of world’s rubber

1925: Malaya was world’s biggest exporter of rubber

1922 and 1934: Stevenson Restriction Scheme and International Rubber Regulation scheme introduced to control rubber production

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2.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

Development of motor-car industry

Increasing investments by British investors

Landowners changing from growing coffee to growing rubber

Development of H.N. Ridley’s tapping system

Large-scale immigration of Indian workers to rubber plantations

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2.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

ImmigrationProgress in Malaya’s economy

Chinese and Indian immigrants to Malaya

Chinese – tin miners Indian – rubber planters

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2.5 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH

Spanish first conquered Cebu in 1565

By 1574, Spanish had successfully extended influence to most of the Philippine islands

Capital of Philippines: Manila

Spanish wanted share of spice trade; spread of Christianity

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2.5 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH

Spanish divided Philippines into villages, or encomiendas

Spanish Administration

Each encomienda was controlled by the encomendero.

Filipino villagers had to pay tribute to the encomenderos, work for the Spanish and sell their produce to the Spanish.

Filipinos suffered from starvation and poverty

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2.5 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH

Nationalism in the Philippines

• Propaganda Movement – carried out in Europe by educated Filipinos

• Jose Rizal formed the Filipino League in 1892 to improve social, economic and political status of Filipinos

• The Spanish immediately arrested him and exiled him to Mindanao

• From then on, nationalist movement became more violent

Jose RizalOFF

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2.5 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH

Katipunan Revolution 1896

Founded in 1892 by Andres Bonifacio

Aimed to get independence from Spanish and overthrow the Spanish by a revolution

Unsuccessful uprising in 1896. Jose Rizal blamed and executed by Spanish. Further uprisings by Emilio Aguinaldo followed

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2.5 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH

Aguinaldo elected President of Revolutionary Government. Fought against Spanish. In Dec 1897, Pact of Biacnabato signed.

1) Aguinaldo to stay in exile2) Spanish to pay him and

farmers who had suffered during the revolution against the Spanish government

However Spanish did not honour the pact. In 1898, Aguinaldo helped the Americans defeat the Spanish in Manila. Spain surrendered the Philippines to the United States of America.

Emilio Aguinaldo

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2.6 INDONESIA UNDER DUTCH RULE

Return of Dutch to Java in 1816

Before 1816: • Spice trade very important to the Dutch• Kew Letters – Dutch colonies to the British

After 1816:• Dutch colonies returned to them• Dutch developed coffee, sugar and tea plantations. • Javanese peasants endured a lot of hardship• This led to unrest and rebellions in Java

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2.6 INDONESIA UNDER DUTCH RULE

Java War 1825 - 1830

The imposition of high tolls

The abolition of land lease contracts

The leadership of Dipo Negoro

The Java War came to an end when Dipo Negoro conceded defeat to the Dutch. He was exiled to Menado.

Dipo Negoro

Dipo Negoro surrenders to the DutchOFF

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2.6 INDONESIA UNDER DUTCH RULE

The Dutch lost a lot of money

The Dutch took control of many

Javanese provinces

Many Javanese lost their lives

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CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

Government of the Straits

Settlements

Penang, Malacca and Singapore under the administration of the British East India Company

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CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

Government of the Straits

Settlements

Singapore became the capital of the Straits Settlement, replacing Penang

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CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

Government of the Straits

Settlements

Petition sent to the British Parliament in London requesting transfer of administration from India to British Crown Colony

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CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

Government of the Straits

Settlements

The Straits Settlements became a British Crown Colony under the Colonial Office in London

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CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

1874 – Perak received its Resident J.W.W. Birch1875 – Selangor received its Resident J.G. Davidson1888 – Pahang received its Resident J.P. Rogers1895 – Negri Sembilan received its Resident Martin Lister1896 – Perak, Pahang, Selangor and Negri Sembilan were brought together as Federated Malay States

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CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

1848 – Tin discovered in Larut1877 – Rubber seedlings first planted in Perak1880 – Tin discovered in Kinta Valley1888 – Henry Ridley became Director of Botanic Gardens - Development of motor car industry and rubber tyres1897 – Development of H.N. Ridley’s tapping system1910 – Large influx of Chinese and Indian immigrants1922 – Stevenson Restriction Scheme introduced1929 – Beginning of Great Depression1931 – International Tin Agreement introduced1934 – International Rubber Regulation Scheme introduced

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CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

16th Century – The Spanish came to the Philippines. Introduced the Encomiendero, the Polo System and the Vandala System1785 – Spain began to open Philippines to trade directly with foreigners1860s – Beginning of Filipino Independence Movement. Middle class Filipino nationalism1870s – Formation of Propaganda Movement, led by Jose Rizal and others1892 – Jose Rizal returned to Philippines. Andres Bonifacio founded Katipunan secret society1896 – Katipunan launched revolution. Execution of Rizal1898 – Spain ceded Philippines to USA1901 – End of Nationalist movement

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CHAPTER 2: SUMMARY

1602: Formation of Dutch East India Company - Dutch V.O.C.

1619: Batavia (Jakarta) in Java became Dutch capital

INDONESIA UNDER DUTCH RULE - INDONESIA UNDER DUTCH RULE - 1616THTH CENTURY CENTURY

16th century: Setting up of factories in Java, Sumatra, the Malay peninsular and the Moluccas

16th to 17th centuries:

•Unrest and rebellion

•A lot of hardship

1816s: Attempts made by Dutch to make money out of Java for Holland

1824 - 1825: Java War led by Dipo Negoro