chapter 2: the chemical level of organization · the chemical level of organization question of the...

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2:

The Chemical Level of

Organization

Question

Of the following functions, the major propose of

RNA is to

A. Function in the synthesis of protein.

B. Transmit genetic information to offspring.

C. Form the genes of higher organisms.

D. Act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA.


Question

In a DNA molecule, adenine always pairs with

what other nitrogenous base?

a) Thymine

b) Cytosine

c) Guanine

d) The make up of pairs varies


Terms to know

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Phospholipids

4. Steroids

5. Proteins

6. Enzymes

7. DNA

8. RNA

9. ATP


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Title slide with your name, date, and period.

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Include a simple definition of the term (2-3

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Also include the website you received the

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Discussion Questions

1. Explain the function of carbohydrates. Provide several examples of them.

2. Describe polysaccharides. How does the human body use them?

3. Explain what a lipid is. Common lipids include triglycerides and

phospholipids, what are these lipids and what is their function?

4. Explain what a steroid is. What are their uses in the human body?

5. What is a protein? What are they made out of? What are they used for?

6. Explain the function of enzymes. Provide examples of some and what they

are used for.

7. What is DNA? What is it made up of? Where do you find it?

8. What is RNA used for? How is it different from DNA?

9. Explain what Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is. What is it made up of?


Discussion Questions 2

1. Some amateur and professional athletes take anabolic steroids to help them “bulk up” or build strength.

The health risks of this practice are extensively documented. Apart from health considerations, how do

you feel about the use of chemicals to enhance athletic performance? Do you think an athlete who takes

anabolic steroids is cheating, or is the use of such chemicals just part of the preparation required to

succeed in a competitive sport? Defend your answer.

2. Given the materials commonly found in a kitchen, explain how one could distinguish between a protein

and a lipid.

3. A student is given two unlabeled substances, one a typical phospholipid and one a typical protein. She is

asked to determine which substance is the protein and which is the phospholipid. The available technique

in her lab will allow her to determine the elements in each sample. How can she identify each substance?

4. Explain why heat, pH changes, and other environmental changes can interfere with a protein’s function.

5. How can a cell make many different kinds of protein out of only 20 amino acids?

6. A few human enzymes work best at a very low pH of about 2. Where in the body do you think these

enzymes are located? What kind of enzymes do you think are found here?

7. Why do phospholipids tend to organize together into a bilayer in an aqueous (water based) environment?

8. Explain how each of the following food preservation methods would interfere with a microbe’s enzyme

activity and ability to break down food: canning (heating), freezing, pickling (soaking in acetic acid),

salting.

9. A genetic mutation can change the primary structure of a protein. How can this destroy the proteins

function?



Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates provide

most of the energy needed

for life and include sugar.

Some carbohydrates are

used to build structures and

to generate ATP. Others

are stored.

Three types:

monosaccharides,

disaccharides, and

polysaccharides


Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the largest carbohydrates and may contain hundreds of monosaccharides.

The principal polysaccharide in the human body is glycogen, which is stored in the liver or in muscle.

When blood sugar level drops, the liver hydrolyzes glycogen to yield glucose which is released from the liver into the blood


Lipids Lipids, like carbohydrates, contain carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen.

Hydrophobic (do not mix with water)

Triglycerides are the most plentiful lipids in the body and they

provide energy.

Phospholipids are important membrane

components.


Steroids

Steroids have four rings of carbon atoms.

Examples include hormones, vitamins and

cholesterol.

cholesterol, with cholesterol serving as an

important component of cell membrane.


Proteins Constructed from combinations of 20 base amino acids.

dipeptides formed from 2 amino acids joined by a

covalent bond (called a peptide bond).

polypeptides chains can be from 10 to 2000 amino

acids.

Enzymes = Catalyst

Catalyst - a

substance that

increases the

rate of a

chemical reaction

Enzymes speed

up chemical

reactions.


DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA) forms the genetic

code inside each cell and

thereby regulates most of

the activities that take

place in our cells

throughout a lifetime.

The basic units of nucleic

acids are nucleotides,

composed of a nitrogen

base, sugar, and a

phosphate group.


RNA Structure

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) relays instructions from the

genes in the cell’s nucleus to guide each cell’s

assembly of amino acids into proteins by the

ribosomes.

Differs from DNA

single stranded

ribose sugar not deoxyribose sugar

Contains uracil instead of thymine


Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Molecule that acts as the temporarymolecular storage of energy

Review

Video Review: http://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0

Another Review:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznL

sY


http://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY

Question

Which type of lipid is a major component of cell

membranes?

a) Fatty acids

b) Triglycerides

c) Vitamin D

d) Phospholipids


Question

The sequence of amino acids found in a protein

makes up which level of organization?

a) Quaternary

b) Primary

c) Secondary

d) Tertiary


chapter 2: the chemical level of organization · the chemical level of organization question of the...

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