Chapter 2

TERMS PERTAINING TO THE BODY

1 nucleolus2 nucleus 3 ribosome 4 vesicle5 rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 6 Golgi apparatus 7 Cytoskeleton

8 smooth ER9 mitochondria 10 vacuole 11 cytoplasm 12 lysosomes13 centrioles

Typical Animal Cell

Wikipedia.com

Cells

• Cell membrane- keeps all the cell structures in the cell and prevents substances from entering

National Institute of Health

Cell Membrane

From Wikipedia.com

Cells

• Cytoplasm- all structures outside the cell nucleus

• Mitochondria- responsible for catabolism- breaking down molecules and releasing energy

Mitochondria

From Wikipedia.com

Cells

• Endoplasmic Reticulum- responsible for anabolism- making chemicals and structures from proteins– Smooth

• Produces lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons

– Rough• manufactures and transports proteins destined

for membranes and secretion

author, Magnus Manske at the English Wikipedia project. This applies worldwide.

(1) Nucleus.

(2) (2) Nuclear pore.

(3) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER).

(4) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER).

(5) Ribosome on the rough ER

(6) Proteins that are transported.

(7) Transport vesicle.

(8) Golgi apparatus.

(9) Cis face of the Golgi apparatus.

(10) Trans face of the Golgi apparatus.

(11) Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus.

Lysosomes

National Institute of Health: An Owner’s Guide to the Cell

Cell Activity

• Catabolism breaking down molecules and releasing energy

• Anabolism making chemicals and structures from proteins

• Metabolism is a combination of catabolism and anabolism

Cell Specialization

National Institute of Health: An Owner’s Guide to the Cell

Cell Specialization

• Muscle cells-• Epithelial cells- provides covering

layer of all body surfaces and linings of internal organs

• Nerve cells-neuron• Fat cells- lipid

Neuron

http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_bbt/unit02_sec04_b_cells.html This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code. This applies worldwide. See Copyright. Note: This only applies to works of the Federal Government and not to the work of any individual US state, county, subdivision, or municipality.

Muscle Cells

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.Subject to disclaimers.Photo montage created by Raul654.

Genetics

• Chromosomes- contain all genetic material that is passed down to daughter cells

• Karyotype- a picture of the chromosomes from a cell nucleus– Sperm and eggs contain ½ the genetic material of regular

cells– Each chromosome is made up of genes– Genes are made of DNA– The DNA sequences are the directions for all traits of an

organism

Body Organization

• Cells• Tissues- groups of similar cells working

together• Organs- internal organs are called viscera

– Comprised of several types of tissues

• Systems- groups of organs working together to perform complex functions

DNA

Different levels of DNA condensation. (1) Single DNA strand. (2) Chromatin strand (DNA with histones). (3) Chromatinduring interphase with centromere. (4) Condensed chromatin during prophase. (Two copies of the DNA molecule are

now present) (5) Chromosome during metaphase. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Karotype of Human Male

Source: http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion//DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/karyotype.shtmlAll of the illustrations in the Talking Glossary of Genetics are freely available and may be used without special permission. This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code. This applies worldwide. See Copyright.

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Figure 1.9

Abdominal Regions

RIGHT & LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC

EPIGASTRIC

RIGHT & LEFT LUMBAR REGIONS

UMBICAL REGION

RIGHT & LEFT INGUINAL (ILIAC) REGIONS

HYPOGASTRIC

Quadrants

Divisions of the Back

Body Planes

From Wikipedia.com

Activities

Complete the following • Chapter 2

– Chapter work sheets cream and yellow– flash cards– Textbook sections:

– Practical applications– Exercises All– Pronunciations

Assessment 02.01 Preview

• Body Organization: Define each of the following and give an example of each:

– Cell– Tissue– Organ– System

• Indicate the location and function of each of the cellular organelles listed below.

– Cell membrane– Cell membrane

microvillus– Nuclear membrane– Nucleus– Nucleolus– Cytoplasm– Endoplasmic reticulum– Ribosomes– Golgi complex– Mitrochondria– Vacuoles– Pinocytotic vesicles– Lysosomes– Centrioles

Assessment 02.02 PreviewIndicate the location or position for each question.

1. Patient laying on his/her back 2. Rotating the wrist or hand in a circular pattern3. The front surface of the body4. The bottom surface of the feet5. Patient laying on his/her stomach6. Near the point of attachment to the body7. On the surface8. Above another structure superior or9. Away from the body surface10. Below another structure11. Pertaining to the side12. Back surface of the body13. Front surface of the body14. Plane that divides the body into front and back15. Plane that divides the body into right and left halves16. Plane that runs parallel to the ground bisecting the body into upper

and lower portions17. Dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into four parts18. Dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into nine parts 19. List the body cavities

Assessment 02.03 PreviewComplete the chart for all body systems and list three tissues or

organs for each. Describe the anatomical region that the majority of the organs of each system are found in. Then transfer this information into the text boxes in Assessment 02.03.

Body System Tissues/Organs Function Location

Skeletal Not applicable

Muscular Not applicable

Circulatory

Respiratory

Nervous

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

Endocrine

Lymphatic

Skin Not applicable