chapter 2: studies of human learning and memory · 2019. 4. 14. · ca1 axon schaffer collaterals...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2:
Studies of Human
Learning and Memory
From Mechanisms of Memory, second edition
By J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.
Medium Spiny Neuron
Figure 1
A Current Conception of the major memory systems in the brain
Figure 2
Major Brain Regions and Temporal Lobe System
Visual
Somatosensory
Olfactory
Auditory
Perirhinal Cortex
Entorhinal Cortex
Dentate Gyrus
CA3
CA1
Sensory Regions
Of Cortex
Perirhinal/
Entorhinal
Cortex
Hippocampal
Formation
Hippocampal Connectivity in the CNS
Figure 3
Figure 4
Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron
Subiculum/
Entorhinal Cortex
Figure 5
Entorhinal
Cortex
Dentate
Gyrus
CA3
CA1
Perforant
Pathway
Mossy
Fibers
Lateral
Septum
Amygdala,
Cortex
Schaffer
Collaterals
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
GABAergic Interneuron
CA1 Axon
Schaffer Collaterals
CA3
CA1
Entorhinal Cortex
CA1 Outputs
A B
C
Hippocampal Output Pathway & Intrinsic Circuit
Figure 6
H.M. Control
MRI scan of H.M. and control brain
Surgeon’s Estimate
of H.M.’s lesions
Revised Estimate
based on MRI
Figure 7
MRI of HM’s Brain lesions
Figure 8
E F
Virtual Reality Town used in episodic memory studies
Figure 9
A
B
London Taxi driver study
Figure 10
Excellence in motor learning and memory
Figure 11
Summary Scheme of interaction between motor centers
Figure 12
Basal Ganglia in the Human Brain
Figure 13
Cortex
Striatum
Caudate/Putamen/
Accumbens
Substantia
Nigra
Globus
Pallidus
Subthalamic
Nucleus
Thalamus
Ventral Anterior & Ventral Lateral
Nuclei
Motor Pre-MotorPre-Frontal
(Sensory)
The Striatal Motor Learning System
Figure 14
Rajan Srinavasen Mahadevan
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Figure 15
1000 Decimal places of pi
Figure 16
Kim Peek
Blue Box 1
Neuroimaging of the retrieval of the Spatial Context of an Event
Movies Using Amnesia as a Plot Device
Movie Director (plus Notable Actors) YearAnterograde Amnesia:
Memento Christopher Nolan (Guy Pearce) 2001
Finding Nemo Andrew Stanton (Animated - Ellen DeGeneris as Dory) 2003
50 First Dates Peter Segal (Adam Sandler) 2004
Retrograde Amnesia:
The Bourne Identity Doug Liman (Matt Damon) 2002
Total Recall Paul Verhoeven (Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sharon Stone) 1990
Spellbound Alfred Hitchcock (Ingrid Bergman, Gregory Peck) 1945
Eternal Sunshine Michel Gondry (Jim Carrey, Kate Winslet) 2004
of the Spotless Mind
The Forgotten Joseph Ruben (Julianne Moore) 2004
Men in Black Barry Sonnenfeld (Tommy Lee Jones, Will Smith) 1997
Not Sure:
Mulholland Drive David Lynch (Michael J. Anderson, Diane Baker) 2001
Table 1
Multiple Memory Systems in the Human CNS
Memory Subtype Corresponding CNS Subregion
Working Memory Prefrontal Cortex, contributions from Caudate Nucleus
Declarative, Episodic, and Spatial Medial Temporal Lobe system including the
Memory Hippocampus, Dentate Gyrus, Ento-rhinal and Peri-
rhinal cortices
Habits, Motor Skills, Procedural Striatum (Caudate Nucleus and Putamen), Globus
Memory Pallidus*, and Cerebellum
Priming Occipital Cortex, Neocortex in general
Aversive Associative Conditioning Amygdala
Motoric Associative Conditioning Cerebellum
Olfactory and Taste Conditioning Olfactory Bulb, Insular Cortex, Nucleus Tractus
Solitarius (NTS), positive and negative reinforcement
systems (Amygdala or Nucleus Accumbens)
Sensitization, Habituation Spinal Cord, Brainstem Nuclei, Amygdala
Circadian Rhythm Hypothalamus – Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Reward, Positive Reinforcement, Nucleus Accumbens, Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Addiction
*Collectively the Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus are referred to as the Basal
Ganglia.
Table 2
Memory-associated Cognitive Dysfunction in Humans
Disease or Syndrome Type of Memory Affected Likely Anatomical Locus
or Involved*
Schizophrenia Working Memory Prefrontal Cortex
Major Depression Declarative Memory ?
Aging-related Dementias Long-term Declarative and Temporal Lobe Hippocampal
Episodic Memory System
Korsakoff’s Syndrome Long-term Declarative and Mamillary Bodies, Limbic
(Alcoholism, Malnutrition) Episodic Memory System, Thalamus
Huntington’s Disease and Motor Learning, Habit Learning Nigro-striatal System
Parkinson’s Disease
Attention Deficit Generalized or Specific Learning Frontal Lobes?
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Disabilities, Dyslexia Basal Ganglia?
Post-traumatic Aversive Associative Conditioning, Amygdala, Hippocampus
Stress Disorder* (PTSD) Lack of Extinction
Table 3
Major Neurotransmitters in the Hippocampus
Neurotransmitter Abbreviation, Synonym General role
Serotonin 5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine neuromodulation
Dopamine DA neuromodulation
Acetylcholine ACh neuromodulation
Norepinephrine NE neuromodulation
Gamma-amino GABA inhibitory transmission
Butyric Acid
Glutamate Glu excitatory transmission
Table 4