chapter 2 section 4 global history mr. schoff. oa why is the fertile crescent considered the...
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Chapter 2 Section 4
Global HistoryMr. Schoff
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OA
Why is the Fertile Crescent considered the crossroads of the world?
Read “A Money Economy” on page 42 and answer the question that follows.
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Fertile Crescent Invasions
Many groups invaded and conquered the civilizations of the Fertile Crescent
Some invaders destroyed the city-states
Others stayed to rule Some of these rulers created large,
well-organized empires An empire is a group of territories under
the control of one ruler or government
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Sargon - First Empire Builder
Around 2300 B.C., Sargon, ruler of Akkad, invaded and conquered Sumer
Built the first empire known to history Did not last long
After his death, other invaders crumbled his empire
Other conquerors followed in the footsteps of Sargon and united Sumer
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More Control
1790 B.C., Hammurabi, king of Babylon, brought almost all of Mesopotamia under his control
Took steps to unite Babylonian Empire Creation of the Code of Hammurabi
First major collection of laws in history NOT the author of the code Most of the laws had been around since Sumerian
times Hammurabi simply wanted his people to know of
the policies that his gov’t was going to enforce 300 laws on a stone pillar for all to see
Improved irrigation, well-trained army, repaired temples, promoted chief Babylonian god, Marduk, over older Sumerian gods
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Hammurabi’s Code
Criminal law – offenses against others like robbery, assault, murder His policies limited personal vengeance and
encouraged social order Often seen as cruel, actually more orderly than
unrestricted revenge Civil law – private rights, business contracts
property inheritance, taxes, marriage, divorce Designed to protect the powerless (slaves, women) Gave husband both legal authority over his wife and
legal duty to support her Gave a father nearly unlimited authority over his
children Babylonian belief that orderly household = stable
empire
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Hittites
Pushed into Mesopotamia around 1400 B.C. Less advanced, yet learned how to extract
iron from ore Tools/weapons were harder, stronger, sharper
than those made out of copper, bronze Able to arm more people at less expense
Tried to keep this new system a secret, but as empire collapsed around 1200 B.C., ironsmiths migrated to serve other customers
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Assyrians
Lived on upper Tigris For 500 years, they earned a reputation for
being among the most feared warriors in history
Rulers were cocky, boasting of their conquests They did, however, encourage a well-ordered society
King Assurbanipal founded one of the first libraries and ordered scribes to collect cuneiform tablets which has given modern scholars a wealth of information about the ancient Middle East
After his death, other peoples joined forces to crush the Assyrians
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Nebuchadnezzar
Aggressive, ruthless king, united Babylon Thought highly of himself – 90 foot statue 9
feet wide, forced people to bow Fiery Furnace Story in Old Testament Known for Hanging Gardens One of the wonders of the world
Advancements in astronomy Polytheistic beliefs
Fell to the Persian armies
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Cyrus the Great
Conquered the greatest empire yet seen Asia Minor to India, Turkey, Iran,
Egypt, Afghanistan, Pakistan Tolerance – acceptance
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Darius of Persia
In 522 B.C., Darius controlled an empire that stretched from Asia Minor to India
Darius divided his empire into provinces Locally controlled regions Made many roads Drew up a single code of laws Set up weights and measures, coins, barter and
money economy Later rulers used his ideas about
government
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Zoroaster
Persian thinker Helped unite the empire Rejected old Persian gods Single wise god, Ahura Mazda, ruled the
world Constant battle with Ahriman, prince of lies
and evil Judgment Day, all individuals would be
judged for their actions
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Phoenicians
Sailors and traders Made glass from coastal sand Used papyrus from Egypt to make scrolls
Words Bible and bibliography are from the city of Byblos
Set up colonies in North Africa, Sicily, Spain
Alphabet, cuneiform was too clumsy 22 symbols for consonant sound, Greeks
adapted this alphabet and added vowels, from the Greeks, came our own alphabet
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Babylonians 1790 B.C. Created Code of Hammurabi, studied
astronomy, especially sun, moon, and planets
Hittites 1400 B.C. Forged iron tools and weapons
Assyrians 1100 B.C. Set up one of the first libraries, maintained a well-organized society
Persians 539 B.C. Conquered large empire from Asia Minor
to India, improved trade by using coins
and standard measures, Zoroaster taught new religion
Phoenicians 600 B.C. Gained fame as great sailors and traders,
created alphabet similar to the one we use today
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