Chapter 2 Section 3

Songs!

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9cfkQfKlkI

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt9u7CfVoc4

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt9u7CfVoc4

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dbkAGcQ8mM (ppt)

Carbon

• The main ingredient of organic molecules• Life w/o Carbon is as unlikely as life w/o

H2O• Atomic # 6

– 6 PROTONS– 6 NEUTRONS– 6 ELECTRONS

• CAPABLE OF 4 BONDS

• Most carbon based molecules are classified as organic molecules. – Non carbon based molecules are inorganic

molecules.

• Carbon can be bound with other carbons to form carbon “backbones” or “skeletons”

NO, Like This……

Carbon video

• http://www.npr.org/2007/06/14/11027169/episode-2-carbons-special-knack-for-bonding

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9u8vM8YjeU

Monomers and Polymers

• Many bio-molecules are made of hundreds of atoms.

• These large molecules are built of monomers - similar units used to build large molecules.

• Many monomers linked together are called polymers – long chains of monomers

• Think! How can you model this?

Making and breaking polymers

• http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/bioprop/monomers.html

• Write condensation reaction and hydrolysis—get ready to take notes

• http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/bionet/biol115/t2_basics_of_life/flash/T2L2M1_activity_polymer.htm

Life’s Macromolecules

• Broken down into four categories1. CARBOHYDRATES

2. LIPIDS

3. PROTEINS

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4Gicf7ONGA

CARBOHYDRATES

• Main source of energy in organisms!!!

• Carbohydrate – an organic compound made of sugar molecules.– Sugars contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and

Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio• Example Glucose C6H12O6

• Monosaccharide – simple sugar containing 1sugar unit.– Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

• Glucose is the main fuel supply for cellular work.– Broken down for energy– Carbon skeletons reused to make other kinds

of organic molecules.– Glucose not immediately used may be

incorporated into larger carbohydrates or used to make fat.

• Disaccharides – double sugar. Two monosaccharides bonded together. – Example: Sucrose – carbohydrate found in plant sap,

table sugar, maple syrup.• Glucose + Fructose

• Polysaccharides – long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers.– Examples:

• Starch• Glycogen• Cellulose

Talk to a partner

Explain the relationships between

• monomers and polymers

• subunits and macromolecules

• monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

• sugars and starches

STARCH

• Found in plant cells– Foods high in starch

• Potatoes• Corn • Rice• Wheat

GLYCOGEN

• Polysaccharide found in animal cells.– Stored in granules in the liver and muscle

cells– Supplies energy for muscle contraction

Cellulose• Polysaccharide found in plants

– Protects cells– Gives structure– Made of glucose monomers– Commonly referred to as fiber

Cellulose cont.• Most animals, including humans, can’t

digest cellulose– Keeps digestive tract healthy – Does not act as a nutrient

Cellulose cont.

• Cows and horses can digest cellulose thanks to microorganisms living in their stomachs or intestines that break it down for them.

Talk to a partner

• What are two functions of carbohydrates?

• Give examples of simple and complex carbs

• Compare and contrast glycogen and cellulose

• Almost all carbohydrates are hydrophilic – Hydrophilic – like water, can be dissolved in

water

• Many monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve in water

• Cellulose does not– Too big– If it did we wouldn’t be able to do laundry

• Cotton T-shirts and jeans would dissolve.

Polarity

• Use hydrophilic and polar in a meaningful sentence.

Lipids• A class of water avoiding compounds

– Hydrophobic• This property of lipids

is important for their

function.

*Why are hydrophobic

molecules not dissolved

in water?

Skits, anyone?

Functions of Lipids

• Some types can act as boundaries that surround and contain the aqueous contents of cells.

• Some types can circulate in the blood and act as chemical signals to cells

• Other types, known as fats, store energy in your body.

Fats

• Consist of a 3-carbon backbone called glycerol attached to three fatty acids each with long hydrocarbon chains.

• Some fats are solid at room temperature.

• Others called oils are liquids at room temperature.

• In addition to storing energy, fats cushion organs and provide body with insulation.

Saturated vs Unsaturated• Saturated - a fat in which all three fatty acid chains

contain the maximum possible # of hydrogen atoms.– All carbons in the chain form single bonds with each

other.– The rest of their bonds are with hydrogen atoms

Saturated vs Unsaturated• Most animal fats such as lard and butter are

saturated fats.• Unsaturated – at least one chains contains less

than the maximum # of hydrogens.

Saturated vs UnsaturatedDiets rich in saturated fats may be unhealthy*– May promote buildup of lipid-containing

deposits, called plaques, within blood vessel walls.

– May reduce blood flow and contribute to heart disease. Think of a hose that has gunk coating the inside—how might that impede water flow?

Other types of Lipids

• Waxes• Steroids• Cholesterol• Hormones

Review

• Carbohydrates

– Elements– Functions– Shape– monomers– Foods

• Lipids– Elements– Functions– Shape– Subunits– Foods

Proteins

• Composed of long chains of amino acids– Amino acids – the building blocks (monomers)

of proteins• 20 different amino acids• Proteins differ only by the number AND

arrangement/combination of amino acids• Example:

– English Alphabet» 26 letters combined in various combinations form

thousands and thousands of words.

Protein Functions• 2 Main Functions

– Structural – Enzymes

-also involved in immune system--antibodies

1. Structural• Many proteins form structural molecules• Examples:

• Cartilage & tendons are made of proteins called collagen.

• Hair, feathers, nails and parts of cells are all made of proteins.

Protein Functions cont.

2. Enzymes• Proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions

taking place in your body.• They do this by lowering the amount of energy required to

start the reaction

PROTEIN STRUCTURE• Proteins have a 3D shape that supports their

functions.• Denaturation: When a protein’s shape is

altered to a point that the protein can no longer function properly.

Virus

• Not alive

• Not a cell

• Protein and Nucleic Acid

• Can only reproduce with host

Influenza Virus

Prions

• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007352543x/student_view0/chapter20/how_prions_arise.html

• Webquest: http://www.classzone.com/cz/ot/bio_webquest/02/intro.jsp

• 3 paragraphs, due by the end of the week

CHECK UP

• What are the monomers of a protein?

• Why are proteins significant?

• You are what you eat: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

Nutrition labels

• Look over the paper on how to read a nutrition label.

• Choose one label each and find the categories and amount for each– carbohydrate, sugar, fiber– Protein– Fat (lipid)

saturated, unsaturated (mono/poly), trans

*Check with a teammate to see if you are correct.

• Sort your group’s labels into categories:– Mostly fat– Mostly protein– Mostly carbohydrate– Combination of 2– Combination of 3

Discuss the components of your diet.

• Are your calories evenly distributed in each category?

• Does a particular category dominate your diet?

• What constitutes a healthy diet? • How can you compensate for eating too many

calories? • Why is it important to invest time and energy

in the food you eat?

Extra Credit!!!!

How might a particular amino acid, type of lipid, or component of carbohydrate significantly impact your health?-Gluten, lactose, saturated fat, phenylalanine, glucose

Nucleic Acids• 2 types

– DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid– RNA Ribonucleic Acid

• Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides– Nucleotides - the building blocks (monomers)

of nucleic acids.

DNA• Double helix

– 2 interlocking , coil shaped strands

• Forms units of inheritable information called genes

• Contains directions

for everything that

goes on in you.

RNA• Single strand made from DNA

• 3 types

• Major responsibility is protein synthesis– Making proteins

Phewww—that was a lot!

• Get 4 different colors of highlighters (you can share in your group)

• Highlight– Type of organic compound

– monomers/subunits

– Functions

– Types/examples• Pink—Carbs

• Yellow—Lipids

• Green--Proteins

• Blue—Nucleic Acids

ELEMENTS

• CHO Carb

• CHO Lipid

• CHON (S) Protein

• CHONP Nucleic Acid

Vocab cards• Use your book, notes, and/or internet to draw the

molecular structure of each. Note the elements. Pay attention to detail.

- Glucose—just one

-Carbohydrate—show a polysaccharide-Fatty Acid—draw a lipid and circle the 3 chains

-Glycerol--draw lipid and circle the glycerol -----Lipid—entire structure -Nucleotide—just one

-Nucleic Acid—DNA (double helix)

-Amino Acid—just one -Protein—folding structure

POGIL Checkup1. Explain how monomers and polymers are

related in organic compounds.

2. Why is carbon so significant to life?

3. Pair the subunits/monomers to the correct macromolecule/polymer

– Carbohydrate glycerol– Lipid fatty acid– Protein glucose– Nucleic Acid nucleotide

amino acid

4. *How can dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis be considered opposite reactions?