chapter 2 rome

8/2/2019 Chapter 2 Rome

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Dispute over control

of Sicily and traderoutes in the westernMediterranean

brought Rome intoconflict with thepowerful North

African city-state ofCarthage

Carthage

Carthagehad been

founded asPhoeniciancolony 500

years earlier

Result was the threePunic Wars

264-146 BC


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FIRST PUNIC WAR Primarily a naval war

Tactics: maneuver ship to ram and sink enemy Carthage: very good, experienced naval power

Rome: small navy, little experience

Defeated repeatedly by Carthaginian navy


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ROME WINS THE FIRST ONE Rome would not surrender

Finally turned tables on Carthage by changing rules of naval

warfare Equipped ships with huge hooks and Stationed soldiers on ships Would hook enemy ship, pull nearby, board it with soldiers


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SECOND PUNIC WAR

Carthagian general Hannibalsurprises Romans,

leads army from Spain, through

southern France and the Alps,

invades Italy from the north

Defeats Roman armies sent to

stop him several times but

hesitates to attack Rome itself Settles instead on war of attrition

in hope of destroying Roman

economic base

"Hannibal ad portas"(Hannibal is at the Gates!)


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In 218 BC Hannibal captured the town ofSaguntum in Spain. This led to the

Romans declaring war. As Hannibal could not attack Italy through

the sea, he led his troops through 2mountain ranges and 1500 miles into Italy

His army consisted of 100000 men ( fromAfrica, Spain and Gaul) together with 37elephants


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Read Page 19 How did the elephants

cross the Rhone?

Read Page 20

Read Page 20 How the boulder wasdestroyed?

Read Hannibal reaches Italy Page 21


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ROME WINS Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, a Roman army sailed across

the Mediterranean, landed in North Africa, and headed for

Carthage

Led by patrician general Scipio Aemilius Africanus

Hannibal forced to leave Italy to protect Carthage

Defeated at the Battle of Zama, fought outside the walls ofCarthage

Hannibal


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"I swear that so soon as age will

permit . . . I will use fire and steel

to arrest the destiny of Rome."~~Childhood Hannibal Quote

Born about 247 - Died 183BC

Hannibal-the-Conqueror
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SUMMARY

Hannibal Barca (247-183 BC)*Carthaginian general*Brilliant strategist*Developed tactics of outflanking and surrounding the

enemy with the combined forces of infantry and cavalry
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SpainHannibal, commander in chief @ 26

Consolidated Carthaginian power in Spain219 he besieged Saguntum

south of the Iberus River (Ebro) and ally of Rome

Iberus River line-of-demarcation betweenRoman and Carthaginian spheres of influence

Blockade of Saguntum

8-month siegeDeclaration of war
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AlpsHannibal conceived of an invasion of Italy from the north

Wanted them crushed on own turfcounted on disaffected allies

Crossed the Iberus-bloody battles with Spanish tribes

Marched with about 40,000 men across the Pyrenees

In Gaul, quick progress to Rhone River

Transported army & war elephants across the river
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15 days marched through rugged mountain passes

Enormous army

Diverse origin and language

38 war elephants

enemy attacks

landslides

early autumn snow

Heroic feat

Captured the imagination of historians and poets alike
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Africa

Back in Carthage after 16 years of victorious warfare

Hannibal defeated by Scipio AfricanusBattle of Zama

Ironically, Hannibal victim of his own strategy:

Scipio outflanked & surrounded CarthaginiansAid of King Masinissa's Numidian cavalry

Hannibal escaped with a few horsemen

Rushed to Carthage

Counseled peace

Treaty in 201
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Hannibal poisoned himself when threatened with being prisoner

He did so in Libyssa, close to today's Istanbul in Turkey.

Ruins of grave site near Diliskelesi, South of Gebze, 60km East of Istanbul

Let us release the Romans from their long anxiety, since

they think it too long to wait for the death of an old man.
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THIRD PUNIC WAR

Carthage finished after SecondPunic War

Hannibal committed suicide

Economy shattered

Lost all territory to Rome

But some Romans feared itmight revive someday andchallenge Rome again

Notably Cato the Elder Pushed for another war

that would wipe Carthageoff the face of the map

Cato the Elder

ROME WINS A THIRD TIME
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19/20

ROME WINS A THIRD TIME Due to Catos persistent

efforts, Rome declares war

against defenselessCarthage

Wins easily

Entire population of citysold into slavery

Everything of valuecarried back to Rome

Everything else burnedand dumped into the

sea Site sown with salt so

that nothing would evergrow there again

Carthage completely

disappeared

Successor

Rome always

Rome eventually

Took over Greece Macedonia
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Rome drawn into theaffairs of the

successor kingdoms

Successorkingdom

increasingly calledon Roman aid intheir incessant

wars against eachother

Rome alwaysresponded in the

belief thatachieving a balanceof power in the east

was better thanhaving onesuccessor kingdom

become toopowerful and

challenge Rome

Rome eventuallybecame weary of

playing this endlessrefereeing role and

realized that the

continuedindependence of thesuccessor kingdoms

threaten Romaninterests

Took over Greece, Macedonia,some of Asia Minor, Syria, Aegeanand eastern Mediterranean islands

by 133 BC
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