EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF SOME ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF SOUTHERN ASSAM, INDIA

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Several plants have been reported as hepatoprolective ethnomedicinal

plants used by the Manipuri community of southern Assam, India. In traditional

system of medicine the different plant parts have different medicinal value.

Critical investigation on biological works and phytochemical investigations of the

reported plant parts of the hepatoprotective plants reveals the following

information.

1. Aegle marmelos{L.) Correa. (Rutaceae), Local name- Heirikhagok, Plant part

used: Tender leaves.

The methanol and aqueous extract of A. marmelos have the strong

antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi (Rani &

Khullar, 2004).The serial extracts of the leaves of the plant showed anti­

inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties in rat (Arul et al, 2005). The

ethanol and aqueous extract of leaves of A. marmelos showed hepatoprotective

activity in mice (Kalaivani et al, 2009).The ethyl acetate extract of leaves of A.

marmelos can act as a larvicidal agent against Anopheles subpictus and Culex

tritaeniorhynchus (Elango et al, 2009).

(9-3,3-(dimethylallyl) halfordinol (1), 7V-2-ethoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)

ethylcinnamamide (3), A^-2-methoxy-2-[4-(3',3'-dimethylallyloxy) phenyl]

ethylcinnamamide (4), A^-2-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethylcinnamamide

andmarmeline were isolated from the leaves of A. marmelos (Manandhar et al,

1978). Eugenol, a compound isolated from the leaves of A. marmelos have the

antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity (Vidhya & Devraj, 1999) and

(Parasakthy e/fl/., 1993).

2. Aloe harbademis Miller (Asphodelaceae). Local name: Dhritikumari. Plant part

used : Leaves.

The distilled water extraction of aerial part of A. barhadensis showed

significant hepatoprotective activity in mice (Chandan et al, 2007) Over a period

of more than 5 years study on 5 thousand patients of atheromatous heart diseases

it was found that the adding of "husk of Isobgol" and "Aloe vera" to their diet

reduced the total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting and post-

parandial blood sugar level in diabetic patients (Agarwal, 1985). The oral

administration of Aloe vera gel protects skin lesions induced by Sulfur Mustard

(SM) toxicity in animal (Anshoo, 2005). The extract of Aloe stimulates the

growing brain (Barasnev, 1970).The aloe vera cream is found better than the

ordinary cream in two burned wounded dog (Cera et al, 1980) The significance of

mannose and glucose isolated from A. barbadensis was found by fitting the

phosphorylated suger to the growth factor receptors on the surface of the

fibroblast (Davis el al, 1992). Aloe vera is effective against adjuvant induced

arthritis (Davis et al, 1987). Pharmalogically the aloe vera possessed anti

inflammatory activity (Fujita & Nagatasu, 1976). In vitro the aloe vera gel showed

antioxidant activity (Langmead et a/.,2004). Aloe vera gel shown the

chemopreventative and anti- genotoxic effects on benzo (a) pyrene- DNA

adducts. The anticancerous activity of Aloe vera polysaccharides was found by

stimulating the immune response in the body (Steenkamp.& Stewart, 2007).

Aloeride isolated from Aloe vera gel stimulates the human immune

system (Pugh et al, 2001). Lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol, 24-ethyl-lophenol,

cycloartanol, and 24-methylene-cycloartanol isolated from Aloe vera gel

possessed anti diabetic activity (Tanaka et al, 2006). Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

(DEHP) isolated from Aloe vera was considered to be the active principle

responsible for anti-leukemic and anti-mutagenic effects in-vitro (Lee el ai,

2000). The 1,8 dihydroxyanthraquinone derivatives and their glycosides found in

Aloe vera gel mainly used for their cathartic effects, Arabinogalactan and

Arabinans are found in Aloe vera gel (Ni et ai, 2004) . Mannose 6-phosphate, the

principal sugar component of Aloe Vera Gel, may be partly responsible for the

wound healing properties of the gel (Tanaka et ai, 2004).

l-Tetradecyne,Tridecanoic acid, methyl ester , n-Hexadecanoic acid

,Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester ,Phytol,01eic Acid9,12,15- Octadecatrienoic acid

methyl ester, Oxalic acid, allyl pentadecy! ester. Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl

ester, 9-Ocatadecenal, 1-Octanol, 2-butyl, Didodecyl phgthalate, 1-Octadecyne,

Sulfurous acid, hexyl pentadecyl ester, l-lodo-2-methylundecane, Eicoane,

Squalene, Octadecane, 2-methyl, Nonadecane, 2-methyl a-Tocopherol, Vitamin

E ,Sulfurous acid, butyl heptadecyl ester, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,

phenyl methyl ester, Tetracontane, 3,5,24-trimethyl,-Sitosterol, Lupeol are

isolated from the leaves of Aloe vera (Arunkumar & Muthuselvam, 2009).

3. Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae), Local name: Khomthokpi, Plant part

used: Leaves.

The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and acetone extract of A. mexicana

showed antimicrobial activity against water borne microbes (Rahman et ai,

2011).The methanol, hot and cold aqueous extract of leaves of A. mexicana

showed antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria (Bhattacharjee et

ai, 2006).The aqueous extract of leaves of A. mexicana have the repellent

activity on Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum (Majeed & Abidunnisa,

2011). The methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of leaves of A. mexicana

have the capabiHty to kill the juvenile of Meloidogyne Javanica (Shaukat et al,

2005). The chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves of A. mexicana

promoted the wound healing process in rat (Dash & Murthy, 2011). The water

extract of aerial parts of A. mexicana can be treated as a first line treatment in

preventing severe malaria in a high transmission area (Graz et a/.,2010). A.

mexicana possessed antimalarial activity (Chang et al, 2003).

Phytochemically the plants contains berberine ,scouIerine

cheilanthifoline, allocryptopine,argemexicaine A , protopine , norchelerythrine

norsanguinarine, pancorine, and sanguinarine ( Chang et al, 2003)

4. Azadirachta indica A. Jussieu.S (Meliaceae), Local name: Neem, Plant part

used: Leaves.

The leaf extract A. indica of showed antiviral activity against group B

coxsackie viruses (Badam et al, 1999). Acetone water extract of leaves of ^.

indica have antimalarial activity and antiretroviral property (Udeinya,

2004).Antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic properties of A. indica is

used in the treatment cholera and diarrhea (Thakurta, et al, 2007). In vitro and in

vivo the leaves extracts of A. indica showed antifungal activity against

dermatophytes microbes (Ranganthan et al, 1996). The leaves extract of A. indica

showed hepatoprotective action against paracetamol induced liver toxicity in rats

(Chattopadhyay & Bandyaopadhyay, 2005). The leaves extract of A. indica

showed chemopreventive potential in murine carcinogenesis model system

(Dasgupta et al, 2004). The leaves extract of A. indica showed antioxidant

activity in vitro and neem leaves extract fraction may be responsible for

modulating key hallmark capabilities of cancer cells and apoptosis in the HBP

carcinogenesis model (Manikandan et al, 2008). A. indica leaves showed

inhibition activity on mild steel corrosion in H2SO4 solutions (Okafor et al,

20I0).The aqueous extract of leaves o{ A. indica showed antimicrobial activity

against Staphylococcus aureus, Echerichia coli, Candida albicans and fibrinolytic

activity (Helmy et al, 2007).

Cyclic trisulphide and cyclic tetrasulphide were isolated from the leaves A.

mc/Zca (Mitra, 1963).

5. Benincasa hispida. (Thunberg) Cogniaux.(Cucurbitaceae), Local name: Torbot,

Plant part used: Fruit

Biologically the petroleum ether and methanolic extracts of B. hispida

fruit showed anti-inflammatory activity in rat. (Rachchh et al, 2011).The fruit

extract of B. hispida can inhibit the gastric mucosal injury in rats (Shetty et al,

2008).The aqueous extract of ripe fruit of B. hispida. has protective activity

against hypochorhydric state in rat (Mandal et al, 2010).The chloroform extract

of fruit of 5. hispida possesses significant diuretic activity in albino rats (Jayasree

et al, 2011).The ethanol extract o{ B. hispida showed potent antinociceptive and

antipyretic activity in rats (Qadrie et al, 2009). The methanol extract of fruit pulp

of B. hispida (Thunberg) showed protection against the histamine-induced

bronchospasm in guinea pig (Kumar et al, 2002). The methanolic extract of B.

hispida fruit has the efficacy to act as antidiarrheal agent (Mathad et al, 2005).

Phytochememically three phenolic compounds are isolated from the fruit

of 5. hispida namely Astilbin,Catechin and Naringenin ( Du & Ito, 2005).

6. Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae). Local name: Ureirom, Plant part used: Leaves.

The ethanolic extracts of the leaves and seeds of B. orellana showed a

broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity (Fleischer et al, 2003). The methanol

extract of leaves of B. orellana showed antioxidant activity in vitro and

anticonvulsant, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal activity (Shilpi et al, 2006).

7. Caricapapaya L.(Caricaceae), Local name: Awathabi, Plant part used: Fruit.

The antioxidant activity the fruit of C. papaya was shown by free

radical scavenging activity (Jamuna et al, 2011). The dried latex of fruits has

shown immunological properties (Buttle & Barrett, 1984). The seed of C papaya

L possessed anthelmintic property (Kermanshai et al, 2001). The pulp of fruit of

C. papaya was shown antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter

cloacae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi. Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus

vulgaris, Psedomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia by cup plate method

(Osato et al, 1993).The ripe and unripe fruit extracts of C. papaya showed

antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Psedomonas

aeruginosa and Shigella flexneri (Emeruwa, 1982). The raw papaya fruit exhibits

significant antimalarial activity (Bhat & Surolia, 2001). The ethanol extract of

unripe fruit of papaya produces a significant depression in arterial pressure in rats

(Eno et al, 2000). The unripe and semi ripe fruit of C. papaya is unsafe for

pregnancy woman (Adebivi et al, 2002). The antioxidant activity of papaya juice

can be comparable to that of a-tocopherol (Mehdipour et al, 2006). The yeast

fermented papaya has antioxidant activity against age related and neurological

diseases (Imao et al, 1998).

Phytochemically Carpaine an alkaloid is isolated from fruit of C.

papaya having a strong depressant action on the heart (Kritikar & Basu, 1998).3,

5-dimethoxy-4- hydroxy (2-hydroxy) acetophenone isolated from the fruit slices

of C. papaya that showed high antifungal activity against Acaolletolrichum

gloesporioides (Echeverri et al, 1997).

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8. Cajanus cajan L. (Fabaceae). Local name: Arhar haoi, Plant part used: Tender

leaves.

The methanol extract of leaves of C. cajan possessed antidiabetic

activity in rats (Ezike et ai, 2010).The methanolic extract of leaves of C. cajan

have antimicrobial activity and showed positive effect on kidney and liver

(Oyewole et ai, 2010) . The methanol extract of leaves of C. cajan is a promising

source of antihyperglycemic and anticancerous compound (Anwar et al, 2010).

The leaves of C. cajan showed antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-

sensitive Plamodium falciparum strain 3D7 (Eshun et ai, 2004). The

hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity was shown by methanol-aqueous extract

of leaves of C. cajan (Kundu et al, 2008). Again the aqueous and ethanol extracts

of the leaves of C. cajan showed a significant free radical scavenging ability than

any other plants (Wu et al, 2009).

Phytochemically the leaves of C. cajan contains 7-hydroxy-5—methyl-8-

(3-methyl-2-butylene)-4- phenyl-9 and lO-dihydro-benzopyran-2-one and 7-

hydroxy-5—methyl-8-(3-methyl-2-butylene)-4- phenyl-9 posseessed a good

antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Kong et al, 2010).

Pinostrobin chalk was isolated from the leaves of C. cajan (Cooksey et al,

1980).Four antioxidant compound were isolated from the leaves of C, cajan viz-

Cajaninstilbene acid, pinostrobin, vitexin and orientin (Wu et ai, 2009).

Quercetin, Leuteolin , Aplgenin and isorhamnetin were isolated from the leave of

C. cajan which are biologically active flavonoids (Wu et ai, 2009).

9. Centalla asiatica (L) Urban. (Apiaceae), Local name: Peruk, Plant part used:

Whole plant.

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Biologically C. asiatica exhibited significant wound healing activity in

normal and delayed healing model (Shukla et al, 1999). The crude extract of C

asiatica Showed anti-tumor effect in mice (Babu et al, 1995).The aqueous

extract of C. asiatica have antioxidant property and improved learning and

memory power in both shuttle box and step through paradigms model (Kumar &

Gupta, 2002). C. asiatica has anxiolytic activity as revealed by acoustic startle

response in rat (Jacques et al, 2000). The aqueous extract of C. asiatica have the

potential to act as an keratinocyte antiproliferant agent in vitro (Sampson et al,

2001). The aqueous extract of C. asiatica can prevent the radiation effect in

animals (Shobi & Goel, 2001). The methanolic extract of aerial parts of C.

asiatica showed a potent of inhibition of aldose reductase (Matsuda et al, 2001).

The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. asiatica imparted anxiolytic activity

in rodents (Wijeweera et al, 2006).The ethanol extract of root of C. asiatica have

antiulcer activity against 8 h restraint stress (Sarma et al, 2006). C. asiatica

exhibited antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria (Oyedeji &

Afolayan, 2005). The aqueous extract of C asiatica showed antioxidant and

antitumor activity in rat (Pittella et ai, 2009). The ethanol extract of leaves of C.

asiatica has a good larvicidal effect on Culex quinquefasciates (Rajkumar &

Jebanesan, 2005). The aqueous extract of C. asiatica showed antinociceptive and

anti-inflammatory activities in mice (Somchit et al, 2004). The hepatoprotective

activity was shown by C. asiatica in rat (Antony et al 2006).

Phytochemically a-Humulene, (3-caryophyllene,bicyclogermacrene,

germacreneand myrcene are isolated from the oil of C. asiatica (Rafamantanana

et al, 2009). Asiaticoside, , Madecassoside, Asiaticoside- B were isolated from

the plant of C. asiatica (Zhang et al, 2008).

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10. Chenopodium ambrosiodes L. (Chenopodiaceae). Local name: Monshaobi,

Plant part used: Leaves.

Biologically the leaves of C. ambrosiodes showed antitumor activity

by increasing the life span of the tumor bearing mice on the foot (Nascimento et

al, 2006).The essential oil isolated from aerial parts of C. ambrosiodes have

antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo (Chekem et al 2010).The methanol extract

of leaves of C. ambrosiodes possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties

in rats (Ibironke & Ajiboye 2007).The leaves extract of C. ambrosiodes L showed

trypanocidal activity (Kiuchi et al, 2002). The essential oil isolated from the

leaves of C. ambrosiodes showed fungi toxicity against Aspergillus flavus

(Mishra et al, 1989).The aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of C

.ambrosiodes possess anthelmintic property in vitro (Eguale & Giday, 2009).

Phytochemically five active compounds namely (z)- Ascaridole, 2-

Carene, p-cymene, isoascaridole and a-terpinene were isolated from essential oil

of leaves of C. ambrosiodes . The (z)- Ascaridole may have fumigant property

.Ascaridole also possessed anthelmintic property. l,2:3,4-Diepoxyp-menthane

and l,4-epoxy-p-menth-2-ene, have been isolated from the leaves of C.

ambroiodes (Kasali et al., 2006). Terpinene, p-mentha-1, 8-diene are also found in

the leaves of C. ambrosiodes but its biological significant is not known clearly till

now. The fresh leaves of C.ambrosiodes contains Ambroside (Arisawa et al,

1971).

11. Cinnamomum obtusifolium Nees. (Lauraceae), Local name- Ramtejpat, Plant

part used: Bark.

Amylase inhibitor property was reported from the essential oil isolated

from this plant (Jantan & Goh, 1992).

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12. Cuscuta reflexa Roxburgh. (Cuscutaceae). Local name: Swarnalata, Plant part

used: Stem (Whole plant).

The water extract of C. reflexa possesses anti-inflammatory and anti­

cancer activities in vitro (Suresh et al, 2011). The aqueous and alcoholic extract

of C reflexa exhibited significant diuretic activity in rats (Sharma et al., 2009).

The aqueous extract of C. reflexa Showed antiviral property against some

pathogenic virus (Awasthi, 1981). The extract of C reflexa has strong inhibitory

action against alpha-glucosidase activity in the body (Anis et al, 2002).

Hepatoprotective activity was shown by methanolic extract of C. reflexa in carbon

tetrachloride liver damaged model in mice (Vetalam 2010).The methanol extract

of C.reflexa showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus epidermidi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeriginosa and

Aspergillu niger (Chhabra et al, 2010).The oral administration of C. reflexa

resulted in decrease of tumor volume and viable cell count, thus showed the

antitumor activity of the plant (Chatterjee et al, 2010). C. reflexa has

anticonvulsant property in mice (Borole et al, 2011). The methanol extract of C.

reflexa showed hepatoprotective property against tubercular drugs induced

hepatotoxicity in rats (Balakrishnan et al, 2009).

Phytochemically 5-caffeol-quinic acid; 3,5-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid; 4,5-

dicaffeoyl-quinic acid;o-glycosidase quercetin-3-o-P-galactoside; quercetin-3-o-P-

glucoside; Kaempferol03-0-galactoside and kaempferol-3-o-P-glucoside are

isolated from C reflexa (Loffer et a/., 1994). Ordoroside H, Neritaloside,

Strospeside having anti-cancer activity , 21-Hydroxy odoroside H, Gitoxigenin,

N-trans feruloyl tyramine, N-cis Feruloyl tyramine, 7-Hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy

coumarin, Ursolic acid, B-sitosterol glucoside, 4-0-P Coumaroyl-o-glycoside,

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Methyl cinnamate, Dihydroajugaoitin are isolated from C reflexa (Versiani,

2004). 7'-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl] propenamide and

7'-(4'-hydroxy,3'-methoxyphenyl)-N-[(4-butylphenyl)ethyl]propenamide showed

strong inhibitort activity against alpha-glucosidase (4). Phytin is isolated from C.

reflexa (Tewari & Singh, 1964).

13. Garcinia cowa Roxburgh. (Clusiaceae), Local name: Heibung, Plant part used:

Fruit.

The hexane and chloroform extracts of fruits of G. cowa possessed

antioxidant and antimutagenic property in vitro (Negi el al, 2010).The same

extract showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans,

Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. (Negi et al., 2008).

(-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone, oxalic acid & citric acids are present in

the fruit of G. coM>a (Jena et al., 2002).

14. Lycopodium annotinum L.(Lycopodiaceae), Local name - Changrang, Plant

part used: Whole plant.

Three new Lycopodium alkaloids, lannotinidines H-J (1-3) have been

isolated first time from L. annotinum (Ishiuchi et al, 2009)

15. Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae), Local name: Nungshihidak, Plant part used:

Leaves.

The essential oil and ethanol extracts of M arvensis showed anti

Candida activity (Fusarium oxysporum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes)

(Duaite et al., 2005). The essential oil derived from M arvensis showed

significant protection of seeds of cowpea against Caltosobruchus maculates

infestation (Raja et al, 2001). The ethanol extract of M arvensis also showed

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antimicrobial activity against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(Couthino et ai, 2009). The aqueous extract of M arvensis inhibits

immunological and nonimmunologic stimulation- mediated anaphylactic reactions

and TNF-a production from RPMC in rat (Shin, 2003).The petroleum ether,

chloroform and aqueous extract of M arvenisis have antiulcer effect on acid

secretion and gastric ulcer in HCl induced and ethanol induced ulcer model

(Londonkar & Poddar, 2009).The antioxidant activity was shown by ethanol

extract of M arvensis by free radical scavenging activity in vitro (Santos et ai,

2010). The leaves of M. arvensis possessed insecticidal effect (Bakr et ai, 2010).

Aqueous extrct of M arvensis showed hepatoprotective activity against

carbontetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rat (Radhika et ai, 2011).

Menthol, p-menthone, iso-menthone, neo-menthol, citrol, z-citral,

geranyl acetate and trans-geraniol, 1,8-cineole, geranial, germacrene-D, limonene,

linalool isolated from M. arvenis possessed antimicrobial property (Pandey et

a/.,2003).

16. Neptunia oleracea Lour. (Mimosaceae), Local name: Ekaithabi, Plant part

used: Leaves.

The aqueous extract of leaves of A. oleracea showed antioxidant

activity in b-carotene bleaching method (Chanwitheesuk et ai, 2005). The ethanol

and aqueous extract of leaves of N. oleracea showed hepatoprotective activity

against carbontetrachloride induced heptotoxicity in rat (Bhoomannavar et ai,

2011).

6 chlorophyll related compound, Pheophorbide a, has been isolated

from the leaves of N. oleracea that inhibites the action of tumour promoter

induced by Epstein-Barr virus in ICR mouse skin (Nakumara et ai, 1996).

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17. Nyclanthes arbortristis L. (Oleaceae), Local name: Singgralei, Plant parts

used: Bark and root.

The distilled water extraction of bark of TV. arbortristis showed

antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniforms,

Bacillus brevis, Bacillus subtilis, Styphylococcus epidermid, Vivrio cholere,

Shigella Jlexineri and Candida krusei (Thatoi et al., 2008). The CNS depressant

activity was found with 600 mg/kg of ehanolic extract of bark of N. arbortristis L

in mice ( Das et al., 2008).

Phytochemiically P-sitosterol, Maringenin-4-O-P glucopyranosyl-a-

xylopyranosideee, oleanic acid are isolated from the stem bark of N. arbortritis

(Chauhan & Sarswat, 1978).

18. Pavetta indica L. (Rubiaceae), Local name: Kukurchura, Plant parts used:

Roots.

The root of the P. indica has positive effect in dropsy of renel (Thabrew

et al, 1987). The root of P. indica contains d- mannitol (Khare, 2007).

19. Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus (Roxburgh) Nees.(Acanthaceae), Local name:

Nongmangkha amubi, Plant part used: Leaves

The methanol, aqueous and ethyl acetate extract of leaves of P.

thyrsiflorus showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC6633),

Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Micrococcus leteus (ATCC10240),

Esherichia coli {ATCC25922),Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC13048),

Pseudomonas aeroginosa (ATCC7853), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) and

Candida albicans (ATCC 10231 by agar disc diffusion method (Singh & Singh,

2010).

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Phytochemically 2p, 15,18-trihydroxy-e/7Mabd-8( 17), 13-dien-16-oic

lactone have been isolated from the leaves of/*, thyrsijlorus (Barua et ai, 1985)

20. Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), Local name: Kophoi, Plant part used:

Seeds.

The methanol extract of seeds of P. granatum showed antioxidant

activity in P-carotene- linoleate and DPPH model system (Singh et ai, 2002) The

pomegranate seed oil is a safe and effective chemopreventive agent against skin

cancer in mice (Hora et ai, 2003). The hydroethanolic extract of entire seeds of

pomegranate {P. granatum) showed antioxidant activity and showed neither

cytotoxicity nor post-irradiation phototoxicity with solar stimulator and thus

proved photoinstable property of the seeds ( Pedriali et o/.,2010).

Phytohemically Nonacosene (C29H58); ursolic acid (C3oH4803) and

fl-sitosterol (C29HSO0), Coniferyl 9-C>-[y9-d-apiofuranosyl(1^6)]-0-y5-d-

glucopyranoside , Sinapyl 9-0-[/?-d-apiofuranosyl(1^6)]-0-y9-d-glucopyranoside,

3,3'-di-0-methylellagic acid, 3,3',4'-tri-0-methylellagic acid, Phenethyl

rutinoside, Icariside D], and daucosterol were isolated from the seeds of P.

granatum (Ahmed et ai, 1995).

IX.Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae). Local name: Chu, Plant part used: Stem.

Stem juice of S. officinarum had a protective effect on LPS-induced

endotoxin shocked that involved the mechanism of suppression of NO production

in the mouse peritoneal cavity thus sugar cane extract has been found to have an

immunostimulating activity in animal (Hikosaka et al, 2006).The juice of S.

officinarum was investigated against paracetamol (acetaminophen) induced liver

damage in rats (Patel et al, 2010).

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The stem, per 100 g, is reported to contain 62 calories, 82.5 g water, 0.6 g

protein, 0.1 g fat, 16.5 g total carbohydrate, 3.1 g fiber, 0.3 g ash, 8 mg Ca, 6 mg

P, 1.4 mg Fe, 0 mg b-carotene, 0.02 mg thiamine, 0.01 mg riboflavin, 0.10 mg

niacin, 3 mg ascorbic acid ( Miller, 1958).

22. Saraca indica Roxb. (Caesalpiniaceae), Local name: Ashok, Plant part used:

Stem.

The Chloroform, methanol, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem

bark of S. indica showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against standard

strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis. Salmonella

typhimurium and Streptococcus pneumoniae and the fungi Candida albicans and

Cryptococcus albidus (Sainath et ai, 2009). The chloroform extract of bark of S.

indica showed larvicidal activity against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus

(Mathew et ai, 2009).

Lyoniside, nudiposide, 5-methoxy-9-(3-xylopyranosyl- (-)-

isolariciresinol, icariside E3, and schizandriside, and three flavonoids, (-)-

epicatechin, epiafzelechin-(4p—•8)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2, together with

(3-sitosterolglucoside, were isolated from dried stem bark of 5. indica (Dhawan et

ai, 1977).

23. Terminalia arjuna (Roxburgh) Wright &Arnott (Combretaceae). Local name:

Arjun, Plant part used: Bark.

The ethanol extract of bark of T. arjuna showed antibacterial activities

against Staphylococcus epidermidis (Singh et al, 2008). The bark of T. arjuna

augments endogenous antioxidant compounds of rat heart and thus prevents

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oxidative stress associated with IRI of the heart (Gauthaman et a/., 2001). The

70% alcoholic extract of T. arjuna bark produced hypotension in anaesthetized

dog blood pressure (Nammi et al, 2003).The powdered tree bark of T. arjuna

has inotropic, hypotensive, mild diuretic, antithrombotic, prostaglandin E2

enhancing and hypolipidaemic activity in animal (Dwivedi, 2007). The butanolic

fraction of T. arjuna bark has protective effects against Dox-induced

cardiotoxicity and shown as a potential agent for cardioprotective in rats (Agarwal

et al, 2008). The petroleum ether, ether, ethanol and water extract of bark of T.

arjuna have shown antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activity in vitro and in v'xvo

(Chandra et al, 2004). The bark of T. arjuna was found having anthelmintic

activity in vitro and in vivo (Bachaya et al, 2009) . Arjunolic acid may be a

cardioprotective agent against myocardial damaged in rat (Sumitra et al, 2001).

The ethanolic fraction of T. arjuna can effectively prevent the progress of

atherosclerosis in rabbits (Subramanian et al, 201 l).The ethanolic extrcat of bark

of T. arjuna showed antioxidant activity against N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)

induced liver cancer in rats (Sivallokanathan, 2006). The ether,ethanol and water

extracts of stem bark of T. arjuna inhibited the oxidative degradation of lipids in

human low density lipoprotein and rat liver microsomes induced by metal ions

(Chander et al, 2004). The methanolic extract of bark of T. arjuna showed

antagonistic activity against five clinically significant antidermatophytic fungi i.e..

Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, Microsporum gypseum

and M. fulvum and antioxidant activity in 1, 1 -diphenyl-2-picrylhydroxyl radical

scenvenging method (Bhattacharyya et al, 2011). The aqueous extract of T.

arjuna showed hepatoprotetive activity against carbontetrachloride induced liver

damaged in rats (Pingale, 2011).

20

Arjunic acid, arjungenin , arjunetin and arjunoglucoside I were isolated

from the bark of T. arjuna (Saxena et al, 2007).

24. Tinospora cordifolia (Wildenow) Miers. (Menispermaceae), Local name:

Ningthoukhonglei, Plant part used: Whole plant.

T. cordifolia extracts have immunostimulatory functions on

carbontetrachloride (CCI4) in toxicated Swiss albino mice (Chakraborty et al,

2009). The aqueous extract of T. cordifolia reduced blood glucose level and

brain lipid in alloxan diabetic rats (Dhaliwal, 1999). The hepatoprotective activity

of T. cordifolia extract was shown in goat by carbontetrachloride induced

hepatotoxicity (Mehrotra et al, 2000). The aqueous extract of T. cordifolia

exerted a significant anti-inflammatory effect on cotton pellet granuloma and

formalin induced arthritis models in rat (Utpalendu et a/. 1999). T. cordifolia

skilled the HeLa cells very effectively in vitro and act as an anti-neoplastic agent

(Jagetia et al, 1998).The ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia showed a significant

antipyretic activity in rats, T. cordifolia syrup was found good clinical response in

children suffering from upper respiratory tract infection and chronic otitis media

(Vedavathy & Rao, 1991). The aqueous fraction of T. cordifolia stem was

effective in ameliorating immunosuppressive in an immunocompromised state in

mice (Sengupta et al, 2011).

Phytochemicaily Inosporafuranol, tinosporafurandiol,

tinosporaclerodanol, and tinosporaclerodanoid, along with beta-sitosterol, and

their stereostructures have been elucidated correspondingly as 4-seco-cleroda-19-

ol-13-furanoid, 4-seco-cleroda-6-en-18,19-diol-13-furanoid, cleroda-1 (lO)-en-

6beta-ol and cleroda-l-one-2-en-llbeta,15,16,18-tetraol-12,19-olide from stem

bark of T. cordifolia (Ahmed et al, 2010). Alkaloids Berberine, Palmatine

21

,Tembetarine , Magnoflorine are found in the stem of T. cordifolia . Choline,

Tinosporin (Padhya, 1986) socolumbin, Palmatine,Tetrahydropalmatine,

Magnoflorine from the root of T. cordifolia ( Sarma et al, 1998).

25. Trichosanthes dioica Roxburgh. (Cucurbitaceae), Local name: Kwakthabi,

Plant part used: Fruit.

The fruit of T. dioca lowered the blood glucose level in diabetes

induced mice (Chandrasekar et al, 1998). The ethanolic and aqueous extract of T.

dioca showed hepataoprotective in ferrous sulphate induced liver damaged in rat

(Ghaises et al., 2008).The aqueous fruit extract of T. dioica possessed

cholesterol-lowering properties in normal and diabetic rats (Sharmila et al.,

2007). The alcoholic extract of whole fruit of T. dioica lowered the blood sugar,

serum lipids, lipoproteins and faecal sterols in normal albino rabbits (Sharma &

Pant, 1992).The fruit extract of T. dioica shown antimicrobial activity against S.

Aureus, K. pneumonia , E. coli and P. aeruginosa (Rai et al, 2007). The aqueous

extract of fruits of T. dioca showed antioxidant activity in vitro (Shivhare et al,

2010).

-TH M.2.5. Acccsiu- 1 3 . 0 4 . ^^3^ »ate of w^ccipt "••••'• •**