Chapter 2Chapter 2

RECONSTRUCTION is…RECONSTRUCTION is…

• REBUILDING the South– After the destruction of the Civil War

• REBUILDING the Union– Readmitting the Southern states

• REBUILDING Southern society– Giving rights to blacks – freedom,

citizenship, voting

LINCOLN’S 10% PLANLINCOLN’S 10% PLAN

• #2 - Lincoln wanted to be lenient– AMNESTYAMNESTY (a pardon) to all Southerners

who take a loyalty oath to the U.S. (THE ENEMY THEY JUST LOST TO!)

– When 10% of a state’s voters take the oath, the state can be readmitted.

– Before readmission, the state must also abolish slavery.

So… why was Lincoln’s death the greatest tragedy for the South?So… why was Lincoln’s death the greatest tragedy for the South?

Johnson’s Plan - #3Johnson’s Plan - #3Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

• Pardoned thousands of Southerners – allowed them to regain their property lost during the war and their citizenship

• A Southerner who did NOT consider blacks equal to whites

• States must RATIFY 13TH Amendment to be readmitted

• States did NOT have to ratify the 15th Amend.

Johnson’s Plan - #4Johnson’s Plan - #4Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

• Under Johnson’s plan, many former Confederate leaders were able to regain control of southern governments

• Southern states soon started trying to withhold the right to vote from newly freed black men

• They began passing the Black Codes

BLACK CODES - #4BLACK CODES - #4(based on former Slave Codes)(based on former Slave Codes)

• Purpose: to keep former slaves oppressed

• Restrictions for freedmen:

– Can’t vote; can’t hold office

– Can’t serve on juries or testify against whites

– Can’t own guns; can’t own land

– Can’t go to school

– Must have a job or go to jail

- So, many wound up working on the same land …..

– could not attend school

– Blacks could not own a weapon

– Blacks must have a job (or go to jail)

– Blacks could not serve Blacks could not own land in some states

RADICAL REPUBLICAN PLANRADICAL REPUBLICAN PLANFOR RECONSTRUCTIONFOR RECONSTRUCTION

• #5 - Led by Rep. Thaddeus Stevens• Wanted to punish the South for starting the war and

keeping it going for so long• OUTRAGED by the South’s use of Black Codes• Goal: guarantee full and complete equal rights to

blacks – citizenship and the right to vote• Gave greater power to the Freedmen’s Bureau and

passed a Civil Rights Act to prohibit discrimination

FREEDMAN’SFREEDMAN’SBUREAUBUREAU

• #6 – Freedman’s Bureau was similar to a welfare agency.• Its task was to provide aid to the newly freed blacks and

help them adjust to their freedom– Food, clothing– Assistance in finding jobs, getting homes, etc.

• Most important contribution is in EDUCATION– Trained teachers– Began many black schools

MilitaryMilitaryReconstruction ActReconstruction Act

• #7 – Act passed by the Radical Republicans

• Divides South into 5 military districts

• Requires each state to adopt a new constitution which gave black males the right to vote and required each state to ratify the 14th amendment.“

READMISSION TO THE UNIONREADMISSION TO THE UNION

• #8 – TENNESSEE IS THE FIRST SOUTHERN STATE TO BE READMITTED TO THE UNION IN 1866.

The Civil War Amendments - #9The Civil War Amendments - #9

• 13th Amendment – FREED all former slaves; abolished

slavery nationwide• 14th Amendment

– MEN … former slaves are granted citizenship & equal protection of laws

• 15th Amendment – VOTE … black men got right to vote.

IMPEACHMENT OF IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT JOHNSONPRESIDENT JOHNSON

• #10 – Radical Republicans want to get rid of Johnson and passed an act they knew he would violate

• Tenure of Office Act - limited Johnson’s ability to fire cabinet members; Johnson fired one anyway (Sec. of War)

• House of Representatives votes to impeach him. (“Impeach” = accuse)

• Trial held in the Senate - he was acquitted (found innocent) by ONE vote and so was not kicked out of office.

• BUT, he really has no power for the rest of his term.

CARPETBAG CARPETBAG GOVERNMENTSGOVERNMENTS

• #11 - Carpetbaggers were Northern Republicans who came South during Reconstruction and held office in the new Southern governments

• A derogatory term – meant they were poor whites who could fit all their belongings into one bag & came to take advantage of the South

• Scalawags were Southerners who supported Reconstruction• Carpetbag gov’ts had reputation for corruption BUT did

build many schools and help rebuild the South

Southern ResistanceSouthern Resistance

• #12 - Ku Klux Klan• Starts in TN• Targeted blacks,

carpetbaggers, teachers in black schools, Radical Republicans

• Used LYNCHING to establish control

Economic Reconstruction:Economic Reconstruction:SharecroppingSharecropping

• # 13 - Sharecropper – Freedmen who farmed land owned by someone else (former masters in most cases) in return for a share of the profit from the crops

• Cropper got a cabin, mule, tools, and small plot of land to farm

• If cropper owed money to landowner for cash loans, use of tools, fertilizer, etc. he couldn’t leave until the debt was paid off --- known as “debt peonage”

#14 - System keeps blacks trapped on plantations:• Got charged up to 40% interest on supplies purchased

(fertilizer, food for farm animals, etc.)• Fall into debt & trapped on land until debts paid

GRANT AS PRESIDENTGRANT AS PRESIDENT

• #15 - Elected in 1868 & 1872• Civil war hero who saved the

Union! But ..... a• TERRIBLE PRESIDENT• Scandals & massive

corruption during his administration!

Reconstruction EndsReconstruction Ends

• #16 - Tilden (D) had more popular votes than Hays (R) and should have won BUT there are disputed votes in 3 states so a compromise has to to be worked out.

• COMPROMISE OF 1877:– North gets the Presidency - Hayes, the

Republican, is declared President– South gets U.S. troops removed from the South

• RECONSTRUCTION IS OVER!!!

THE NEW SOUTHTHE NEW SOUTH

• Does NOT mean that it is good for African Americans

• It is the period known as the nadir in race relations

• #17 - African Americans deprived of 14th & 15th Amendment rights

#18 -METHODS USED TO#18 -METHODS USED TODENY VOTING RIGHTSDENY VOTING RIGHTS

• Literacy Tests– To check reading ability; blacks got harder test than whites and failed

• Poll Taxes– Had to pay to vote

• Grandfather Clauses– IF your grandfather could vote at the end of the Civil War, you could be

exempted from literacy tests and poll taxes …

• The KKK– Intimidated African American voters and kept them from coming to the

voting polls

SO, who will get elected into Southern governments?

THE NEW SOUTHTHE NEW SOUTH

• #19 -New Southern governments quickly passed Jim Crow Laws– laws to segregate the South

• SEGREGATION = SEPARATION BY RACE

• 1896, Supreme Court upheld segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson

• Was there segregation in the North also?

POSITIVE CHANGES IN THE POSITIVE CHANGES IN THE NEW SOUTHNEW SOUTH

• Other crops besides cotton, tobacco, rice get started – fruits, vegetables

• #20 - SOME industry gets started:– TEXTILES (Cotton mills)• BUT, only 6% of South is actually

involved in industry