CHAPTER 2

MINERALS AND ROCKS

S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed. S6E5b. Investigate the contribution of minerals to rock composition.

What is a mineral?1. Naturally occurring2. Inorganic3. Solid4. Crystal Structure5. Definite Chemical Composition

Identifying Minerals1. Color 5. Hardness2. Streak 6. Cleavage and

Fracture3. Luster 7. Crystal Systems4. Density 8.Special properties

Standards:• S6E5. Students will investigate the

scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.

ELEMENTS:• S6E5c – Classify rocks by their process of

formation.

• S6E5d. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth.

Identifying Rocks1.Composition2.Color 3.Texture

Texture1. Grain Size (Fine, Coarse, No Visible Grain)2. Grain Shape (Rounded or Jagged)3. Grain Pattern (Banded or Nonbanded)

Grain Size

Picture of Slate(Fine grain)

Grain Size

Picture of Diorite(coarse grain)

Grain SizePicture ofFlint(no visible grain)

Grain Shape

(Rounded Grain)

Grain Shape

(Jagged grain)

Grain Pattern

(Nonbanded)

Grain Pattern

(Banded)

Types of Rock• Igneous• Sedimentary• Metamorphic

Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed from magma or lava

Igneous Rocks Classified as

intrusive or extrusive(intrusive made from magma)(extrusive made from lava)

Igneous Rocks Intrusive rocks are made from

magma inside the ground

Example:Porphyry

Igneous Rocks Extrusive rocks are made from

lava above the ground

Example:Obsidian

Sedimentary Rocks (formed through erosion,

deposition, compaction, or cementation)

Classified asClastic, Organic, or Chemical

Sedimentary Rocks Clastic rocks form when rock

fragments are squeezed together

Example :Shale

Sedimentary Rocks Organic rocks form where the

remains of plants and animals are deposited in thick layers

Left: CoalRight: Limestone

Sedimentary Rocks Chemical rocks form when minerals that are dissolved in a solution crystallize

Example: Rock Salt

Metamorphic Rocks Formed from heat and

pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface

Classified as foliated or

nonfoliated

Metamorphic Rocks foliated rocks have their

grains arranged in parallel layers or bands

Example: Schist

Metamorphic Rocks nonfoliated rocks have

mineral grains that are arranged randomly

Example: Marble

Example of Rocks.

IgneousBasalt, Granite, ObsidianSedimentarySandstone, Limestone, CoalMetamorphicMarble, Shale