chapter 2 firefighter safety & health. 2–22–2 chapter 2 lesson goal after completing this...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2 — Firefighter Safety & Health
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2–2
Chapter 2 Lesson Goal
• After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to apply FF safety & health practices following the policies & procedures set forth by FrPD
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2–3
Ways to Prevent Injuries
• Conducting effective training
• Maintaining company discipline & accountability
• Following established SOPs
• All ranks in FrPD have a responsibility for safety
(Continued)
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2–4
Ways to Prevent Injuries
• Using personal protective clothing & equipment
• Maintaining high levels of physical fitness
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2–5
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What do you think causes the greatest number of firefighter injuries?
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Firefighter Injuries
• Overexertion/strain is leading cause of injury
• Slips, trips & falls
• Improper lifting
• 100,000 in US every year (average)
2–6
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Firefighter Deaths
• 21.7% due to vehicle crashes
• 24.4% to “other” causes
• 53.9% due to stress/overexertion
• Heart attack/cardiac arrest
• An average of 100 FF’s die each year in US
2–7
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2–8
NFPA Standards
• Relate to firefighter safety & health
• Consensus documents; not law unless adopted by governing body
• Many U.S. & Canadian governing bodies have adopted some NFPA® standards; others have not
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2–9
NFPA 1500
• Most comprehensive firefighter safety & health standard
• Specifies fire department safety & health program minimum requirements
• Applied to any fire department or similar organization
• Fire departments should:
Recognize safety & health as official objectives
Provide as healthy & safe work environment as possible
(Continued)
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2–10
NFPA 1500
• Promotes safety throughout the fire service
• Minimum standard; can be exceeded
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2–11
NFPA 1500 Topics
• Safety & health-related policies & procedures
• Training & education
• Fire apparatus, equipment, & driver/operators
• Protective clothing & protective equipment
(Continued)
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2–12
NFPA 1500 Topics
• Emergency operations
• Facility safety
• Medical & physical requirements
• Member assistance & wellness programs
• Critical incident stress management program
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2–13
NFPA 1500 — Safety & Health-Related Policies & Procedures
Fire departments must:
• Develop an organizational plan, risk management plan, safety & health policy
• Define roles & responsibilities
• Establish safety & health committee
• Keep records
• Appoint a health & safety officer
(Continued)
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2–14
NFPA 1500 — Safety & Health-Related Policies & Procedures
Safety & health program must:
• Address anticipated hazards
• Include provisions for dealing with nonemergency issues
• Include SOPs
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2–15
NFPA 1500 — Training & Education
• Goal must be to prevent occupational deaths, injuries & illnesses
• Training — Developing & maintaining job skills
• Education — Learning new information, concepts, & procedures
• Train & educate personnel to consider safety in all activities
• Safety must be reinforced
(Continued)
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2–16
NFPA 1500 — Fire Apparatus, Equipment, & Driver/Operators
• Safety & health must be primary considerations for apparatus
Providing restraint devices
Meeting requirements for vehicle’s intended role
• All apparatus driver/operators must be trained
(Continued)
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2–17
NFPA 1500 — Fire Apparatus, Equipment, & Driver/Operators
• Personnel riding in apparatus must be seated & securely belted inside the cab when in motion
• Three exceptions:
Hose loading
Tiller training
Some EMS operations
(Continued)
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2–18
NFPA 1500 — Fire Apparatus, Equipment, & Driver/Operators
• If noise levels exceed 9090 decibels (dB), hearing protection must be worn
• Exposures above 90 dB can lead to hearing loss
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2–19
NFPA 1500 — Protective Clothing & Protective Equipment
• Departments must provide at least one set of protective clothing & protective equipment
• Protective clothing
Helmet
Hood and/or shroud
Coat
Pants(Continued)
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2–20
NFPA 1500 — Protective Clothing & Protective Equipment
Protective clothing
• Safety shoes or boots
• Gloves
• Goggles or safety glasses
(Continued)
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2–21
NFPA 1500 — Protective Clothing & Protective Equipment
Protective equipment
• SCBA
• Supplied air respirator (SAR)
• Personal alert safety system (PASS) device
• Other respiratory protection
• Some areas provide body armor for protection against violence
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2–22
NFPA 1500 — Emergency Operations
Requires an incident management system
• Most use ICS
• Risk management
• Personnel accountability
(Continued)
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2–23
NFPA 1500 — Emergency Operations
• Limits emergency operations to those that can be safely conducted
(Continued)
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2–24
NFPA 1500 — Emergency Operations
NFPA 1500 requires
• Rapid intervention
• Rehabilitation
• Limiting exposure to violence
• Post-incident analysis: a general overview & critique of incident, occurs within 2 wks
• Both NFPA 1500 & NFPA 1561 contain specific requirements regarding accountability
(Continued)
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2–25
NFPA 1500 — Facility Safety
• Sets minimum design requirements that meet NFPA 101, Life Safety Code
• Provides a means for cleaning, disinfecting, & storing infection control devices
(Continued)
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2–26
NFPA 1500 — Facility Safety
• Fire stations must be smoke-free environments (per Aramco policy)
• Requires inspection, maintenance, & prompt repair of facilities
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2–27
NFPA 1500 — Medical & Physical Requirements
• Candidates must be medically evaluated
• Prohibits firefighters under the influence from participating
• Physical performance standards
(Continued)
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2–28
NFPA 1500 — Medical & Physical Requirements
• Annual medical verification for fitness for duty
• Establishment of job-related fitness standards & fitness program
• Confidential health database
(Continued)
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2–29
NFPA 1500 — Medical & Physical Requirements
• Infection control program
• Designated fire department physician
• Reporting & documenting injuries & exposures
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2–30
NFPA 1500 — Member Assistance & Wellness Programs
• Member assistance program
Substance abuse
Stress
Personal problems
• Wellness program
Smoking Cessation
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2–31
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Why is Saudi Aramco concerned with safety off the job as well on the job?
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2–32
IFSTA Principles of Risk Management — Development
• NFPA 1500 requires incident management systems to include a risk management plan
• Risk management plan
Established set of criteria
Tactical decisions can be made
(Continued)
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2–33
IFSTA Principles of Risk Management — Development
Considered two well-known plans:
• Phoenix, AZ
• NFPA 1500
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2–34
IFSTA Principles of Risk Management
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2–35
IFSTA Principles of Risk Management — Key Points
• Team integrity is vital to safety
• No property is worth the life of a FF
• FFs should not be committed to interior operations in abandoned or derelict buildings known or believed to be unoccupied
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2–36
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Why do you feel these principles are important to the fire service?
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2–37
Fireground Priority
Highest priority is for FFs to protect their lives & those of their fellow FFs
If a FF is injured, unable to help others, other FFs must respond to the injured FF
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2–38
Safety Program Goals
• Prevent human suffering, deaths, injuries, illnesses, & exposures to hazardous atmospheres & transmittable diseases
• Practiced & promoted at all levels in FrPD
(Continued)
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2–39
Safety Program Goals
• Prevent damage to or loss of equipment
• Reduce incidence & severity of accidents & hazardous exposures
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2–40
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What do you do to help maintain your personal health?
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2–41
Firefighter Health Considerations
• Stay informed about job-related health issues
• Wear PPE & respiratory protection
• Clean PPE
• Follow hepatitis B vaccination recommendations
(Continued)
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2–42
Firefighter Health Considerations
• Use precautions to avoid exposure to bloodborne pathogens
• Use proper lifting techniques
(Continued)
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2–43
Firefighter Health Considerations
• Use lifting tools or get assistance with heavy objects
• Clean, disinfect, & store tools & equipment used in patient care
• Maintain a regular exercise program
(Continued)
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2–44
Firefighter Health Considerations
• Maintain a diet low in cholesterol, fat, & sodium
• Maintain blood pressure & cholesterol levels
• Eliminate tobacco products
• Have regular physicals & checkups
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2–45
Employee Assistance Program (EAP)
Offers confidential assistance
• Alcohol and drug abuse
• Personal & interpersonal problems
• Stress
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Divorce
• Financial problems
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2–46
Wellness Program
Health-related problems
• Nutrition
• Hypertension
• Cessation of tobacco use
• Weight control
• Physical conditioning
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2–47
Availability of EAP & Wellness Programs
• Available to all members & their families
• Include appropriate referrals
• Allow easy, confidential access to help
(Continued)
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2–48
Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM)
• Process of managing stress
• A critical incident stress debriefing should be part of the CISM program
• Should be held ASAP after event but not later than 72 hrs
(Continued)
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2–49
Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM)
• Pre-briefing helps prepare the FF for responding to a gruesome incident
• If working more than one shift in stressful conditions, go through a minor debriefing
• Defusing: addresses chemical, medical exposures & identifies equipment/ apparatus problems
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2–50
Riding on the Apparatus
• One of the most common dangers for firefighters
• All protective clothing is put on before (prior) entering cab
• Everyone is seated before apparatus moves
(Continued)
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2–51
Riding on the Apparatus
NFPA 1500 requires
• FFs to ride in a seat within the cab
• Have seatbelts fastened
(Continued)
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2–52
Riding on the Apparatus
• Hearing protection is needed if sirens & engine noise levels exceed 90 decibels
(Continued)
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2–53
Riding on the Apparatus
• Volunteers responding in own vehicles should use defensive driving
• If riding in an unenclosed jump seat, use safety bars & wear appropriate PPE
(Continued)
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2–54
Riding on the Apparatus
• Use steps & handrails when mounting/ dismounting
• If apparatus contacts energized electrical wires, jump clear of the apparatus
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2–55
Safety in the Fire Station — Personnel Safety
• Two most common ways people get hurt at the fire station:
• Improper Lifting
• Slips, trips, & falls
(Continued)
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2–56
Safety in the Fire Station — Personnel Safety
Improper lifting techniques cause
• Back strains (Most Common)
• Bruises, sprains, & fractures
• Damaged equipment
(Continued)
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2–57
Safety in the Fire Station — Personnel Safety
Correct lifting techniques
• Keep the back straight; lift with the legs
• Do not lift or carry heavy or bulky objects without help
(Continued)
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2–58
Safety in the Fire Station — Personnel Safety
Slip, trip, or fall
• Poor footing
• Minor or serious injuries; damaged equipment
• Good housekeeping can prevent
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2–59
Safety in the Fire Station — Tool and Equipment Safety
• Accidents can happen if FFs are not properly trained
• Poorly maintained tools & equipment can be dangerous
• NFPA 1500 stresses tool safety
• Always use appropriate PPE
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2–60
Hand and Small Power Tool Safety
• Wear appropriate PPE
• Remove loose clothing & keep long hair clear of operating tool heads
• Remove jewelry
• Select the appropriate tool
• Follow manufacturer’s instructions
(Continued)
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2–61
Hand and Small Power Tool Safety
• Inspect tools before use
• Do not use badly worn or broken tools
• Provide adequate storage space & return tools after use
• Inspect, clean, & put all tools in a ready state before storing
(Continued)
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2–62
Hand and Small Power Tool Safety
• Consult with manufacturer before modifying any tool
• Use intrinsically safe tools in flammable atmospheres
• Do not remove safety shields or compromise built-in safety devices
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2–63
Power Tool Safety
• Grinders, drills, saws, & welding equipment are common
• If improperly used can cause serious or life-threatening injury
(Continued)
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2–64
Power Tool Safety
• Only FFs who have read & understand manufacturer’s instructions should use power tools
• Tool repairs must be made by a trained & authorized person
(Continued)
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2–65
Power Tool Safety
• Keep accurate records of repairs
• Any electrical tool not marked “double insulated” should have a three-prong plug
• Connected to ground
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2–66
Power Saw Safety
• Match the saw to the task & material to be cut
• Never force a saw beyond its design limitations
• Wear proper PPE
• Remove loose clothing & contain long hair
(Continued)
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2–67
Power Saw Safety
• Have hoselines when cutting materials that generate sparks
• Avoid using in potentially flammable atmospheres
• Keep bystanders out of work area
• Follow manufacturer’s procedures
(Continued)
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2–68
Power Saw Safety
• Allow gasoline-powered saws to cool before refueling
• Keep blades & cutting chains well sharpened
• Use extreme caution when operating any saw above eye level
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2–69
Safety in Training
• Always wear appropriate protective gear
• Refer trainees with symptoms to a physician prior to participation
• Take into account environmental conditions
(Continued)
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2–70
Safety in Training
• Do NOT allow horseplay or unprofessional conduct
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2–71
Safety in Training — Live Fire Exercises
• Must be conducted according to NFPA 1403
• Key requirements of NFPA 1403
Site preparation
• Clear site of potential hazards
(Continued)
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2–72
Safety in Training — Live Fire Exercises
Key safety requirements of NFPA 1403
• Student-to-instructor ratio of 5:1 may not be exceeded
• Must be a designated safety officer & an instructor-in-charge
• Cannot use human beings as victims
(Continued)
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2–73
Safety in Training — Live Fire Exercises
Key safety requirements of NFPA 1403
• Fires may not be set in egress routes
• Uniforms & PPE must conform to NFPA standards
(Continued)
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2–74
Safety in Training — Live Fire Exercises
Key requirements of NFPA 1403
• Prerequisite training — All participants must have had basic fire training
• Water supply — Adequate supply must be provided; separate for attack & backup lines
(Continued)
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2–75
Safety in Training — Live Fire Exercises
Key requirements of NFPA 1403
• Training plan — Must be prepared & a briefing held
(Continued)
Don’t do this!
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2–76
Safety in Training — Live Fire Exercises
Key requirements of NFPA 1403
• Fuel — Must have known burning characteristics
• Ventilation — Means must be provided to prevent uncontrolled flashover & backdraft
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2–77
Maintain & Service Equipment
Equipment for fire training
• Must be in good condition
• Frequently wears out sooner
• Should be inspected before each drill
(Continued)
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2–78
Maintain & Service Equipment
Records & testing
• Records must be maintained on all equipment for training
• Training equipment should be tested according to:
Manufacturer’s instructions
Applicable standards
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2–79
Emergency Scene Preparedness
Accidents or injuries at emergencies
• Often caused by a series of events
• Can be prevented by being in a ready state
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2–80
Actions for Preparedness: Beginning Work Shift
• Be in the proper uniform, physically rested, & mentally alert
• Ensure all tools & equipment are in place & working
• Ensure PPE is in proper location
(Continued)
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2–81
Actions for Preparedness: Beginning Work Shift
• Ensure SCBA is fully functional
• Ensure MFR equipment is checked & restocked
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2–82
Actions for Preparedness: In the Fire Station
• FFs must never put themselves in a position to delay response
• When alarm sounds, stay calm & listen to the officer
• Quickly & calmly mount apparatus
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2–83
Actions for Preparedness: Any Stage of an Emergency
• FFs must never act so they become a part of the emergency or creates a new one
• We should never be part of the problem
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2–84
Emergency Scene Safety
Incident Commander (IC)
Officer of the 1st-arriving unit begins to control incident by assuming Command & using ICS
(Continued)
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2–85
Emergency Scene Safety
Initial IC must size up critical factors
• Life safety hazards
• Nature & extent of emergency
• Building type, arrangement, & access
• Resources
• Special hazards
(Continued)
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2–86
Emergency Scene Safety
• IC must determine overall incident strategy
• Offensive operations: working inside the hazard zone
• Defensive operations: working outside the hazard zone
(Continued)
Defensive Operations
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2–87
Incident Action Plan
• IC develops IAP & bases operations around completion of tactical priorities
• Tactical priorities in a structure fire
FF safety (Life Safety)
Rescue (Life Safety)
Fire control (Incident Stabilization)
Loss control (Property Conservation)
(Continued)
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2–88
Incident Action Plan
• IAP is based on size-up information
• Priority objectives are reflected in benchmarks of completion:
Personnel Accountability Report (PAR)
All Clear: Primary search complete
Under Control: Fire progress is stopped
Loss Stopped: property conservation complete
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2–89
Offensive Fire Operations
• Based around a controlled, aggressive interior search and fire attack
• Companies must be assigned according to fireground organizational structure
• Must work with the IAP
(Continued)
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2–90
Offensive Fire Operations
• Company members inside hazard zone must be within contact with each other at all times through:
• Voice (talk)
• Vision (see)
• Physical (touch)
(Continued)
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2–91
Offensive Fire Operations
• Companies must have at least one portable radio on correct tactical channel
• After primary All Clear & Under Control are complete, efforts must be focused on controlling loss
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2–92
Defensive Operations
• Based on:
Determining boundaries of hazard zone
Potential collapse zone
Keeping companies out of these boundaries
• Highest priority on all defensive fires is firefighter safety
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2–93
Minimizing Risks
• Work within the IAP/No freelancing
• Adequately assess the situation & maintain situational awareness
• Wear appropriate PPE
• Work together as a team
• Follow all departmental SOPs
(Continued)
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2–94
Minimizing Risks
• Maintain communications with team members & Command
• Do a risk/benefit analysis for every action
• Employ safe & effective tactics
• Use a personnel accountability system
(Continued)
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2–95
Minimizing Risks
• Have one or more RICs standing by
• Set up Rehab at fires or other incidents
• Use appropriate emergency escape techniques
• Maintain company discipline & team integrity
• Go to rehab as a team
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2–96
Highway Incident Guidelines
• Position fire apparatus to block oncoming traffic
• Turn front wheels of blocking apparatus away from emergency
(Continued)
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2–97
Highway Incident Guidelines
• Set out traffic cones, signs, or other devices to detour traffic
• Turn off lights that face opposing traffic
• Emergency responders must never walk with their backs to the traffic
(Continued)
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2–98
Highway Incident Guidelines
• Wear reflective vests when PPE is not required
• Close at least one traffic lane next to incident
• Move apparatus not directly involved to the shoulder or off roadway
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2–99
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What precautions have you noticed emergency responders taking (or not taking) at vehicle accidents?
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2–100
Crowd Control
• Usually responsibility of police or security
• Sometimes performed by firefighters or emergency responders
• IC is responsible for ensuring scene is secured & managed
(Continued)
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2–101
Crowd Control
• Usually done by ISO
• Must be done at all emergencies
• Bystanders should be restrained from getting too close
People can be emotional
Restrain relatives & friends
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2–102
Cordoning Off
• Maintain scene security by cordoning off
• No specific distance established for control zones
Incident size
Hazard involved
• Keep bystanders at a safe distance
• Control zones must be established at all emergency scenes
(Continued)
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2–103
Cordoning Off
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2–104
Cordoning Off
• Can be done with rope, barricades, or caution tape
• Boundary should be monitored
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2–105
Personnel Accountability System
• Every department must use some system of accountability that tracks personnel in the hazard zone
• Used at all emergency scenes
(Continued)
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2–106
Personnel Accountability System
• Accountability is vital when there is:
Sudden & unexpected change in fire behavior
Structural collapse
• Personnel Accountability Report (PAR) is an important method for accountability
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2–107
Personnel Accountability System
• PAR is a roll-call or report to the IC
• All FF’s are safe & accounted for
• PARs should be taken after:
Changes at the scene
Change of tactics
Evacuations
Building collapse
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Personnel Accountability System
Passport & SCBA Tag System
• Tags collected by officer
• Tags attached to board
• Board is kept at entry point
• Tags are returned upon exit of hazard zone
2–108
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2–109
Personnel Accountability System
• Lets IC know how many FFs are on scene & where they are located
• Maintain team integrity
• Useful for sudden changes where FFs can become trapped or lost
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2–110
Interior Operations Techniques
• Scan the outside of the building before entry
• Wear full PPE including SCBA
• Take appropriate tools & equipment
• Maintain team integrity
(Continued)
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2–111
Interior Operations Techniques
• Remain in radio contact
• Take a hoseline or tag line
• Pay attention to surroundings
(Continued)
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2–112
Interior Operations Techniques
Increase chances for survival
• Situational awareness
Maintaining awareness of your surroundings
• Know protocol for Mayday
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2–113
Emergency Escape
• Involves breaking through doors, windows, or walls to escape life-threatening situations
(Continued)
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2–114
Emergency Escape
• Situations can occur when:
Sudden & unexpected change in fire behavior
Structural collapse
• May also be necessary if a FF becomes lost or disoriented & is in danger of running out of air
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2–115
Rapid Intervention
• NFPA standards state that whenever FFs are in an IDLH atmosphere:
• IDLH: Any atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or health
• Must work in teams of two or more
• At least two fully trained & equipped FFs must be outside
(Continued)
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2–116
Rapid Intervention
• Outside team must be ready at a moment’s notice
• Known as the “two-in/two-out” rule
• RIC members may be assigned other duties but must be able to fulfill primary function
(Continued)
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Summary
• FFs are sometimes put at some risk during training & emergency operations
• It is the FFs’ responsibility to maintain their physical & mental readiness to handle these situations
(Continued)
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Summary
• During fires & other emergencies, FFs may be ordered into inherently dangerous situations
• To protect themselves they must be aware of the hazards & risks involved
(Continued)
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Summary
• FFs must always remember that along with their department they are responsible for their own safety
• FFs must remember the most important of all FF safety rules: Everyone looks out for everyone else