chapter 2: energy flow and nutrient cycles support life in ecosystems
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Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles Support Life in Ecosystems. Today. Virtual lab http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_03/BL_03.html Diagram page 76 textbook Nutrient cycling (CARBON) S tores 6 main processes C is cycled Anthropogenic effects W orkbook pages. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles Support Life in Ecosystems
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Today
Virtual labhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_03/BL_03.html Diagram page 76 textbook Nutrient cycling (CARBON) Stores 6 main processes C is cycled Anthropogenic effects Workbook pages
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A 54-year old sealed
terrarium
(planted in 1960)no fresh
air or water
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2.2 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems• Earth’s biosphere acts like a sealed terrarium
where nutrients and wastes are recycled
• Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles move nutrients in and out of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
•Where does the water you drink come from?
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2.2 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems
Human activities can upset the natural balance of nutrient cycles:
- land clearing- agriculture- industry- motorized transportation
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Nutrient Cycling
• Nutrients: chemicals that are needed for plant and animal growth and other life processes.
• Are accumulated in atmosphere, oceans, and land masses
• Stores: location of nutrient accumulation
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Nutrient Cycling• Nutrient Cycling: movement in and out of stores
• Caused by biotic and abiotic processes
• Cycles are near balance (input = output)
You need to know about C, N, & P cycles
But O and H are also needed for life
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Carbon Cycle
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Carbon Stores• All living things contain carbon in their cells
How carbon is stored:
1. Short term stores- vegetation on land, in oceans- animals and decaying OM in soil- atmosphere as CO2
- top layers of ocean
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Carbon Stores
2. Long-term stores:- intermediate and deep oceans- coal deposits- marine deposits and sedimentary rock
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Carbon StoresStore Amount of C /Gigatonnes
Marine sediments and sedimentary rock
68 000 000 to 100 000 000
Oceans (intermediate/deep) 38 000 to 40 000 Coal Deposits 3 000Soil and organic matter 1 500 to 1 600Atmosphere 750Terrestrial Vegetation 540 to 610Oil and Gas Deposits 300
Where is most carbon stored?
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Carbon Stores• Sedimentation:– Traps many long-term carbon stores
– Layers of soil/decomposing OM get buried
– turn into rock/coal/oil/gas by SLOW geological processes
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Carbon Stores
• Limestone (CaCO3 ) forms from shell deposits on ocean floor
• Long-term carbon storesare aka carbon sinks
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Carbon Cycle
Carbon is cycled through ecosystems by:1. Photosynthesis2. Cellular respiration3. Decomposition
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#1) Photosynthesischemical reaction in plants and
cyanobacteria where sunlight
(solar energy) is used to make
glucose (chemical energy)
Sun + 6H20 + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
(sun + water + carbon dioxide → sugar + oxygen)
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#1) Photosynthesis
• recycles carbon and oxygen through ecosystems
By eating plants, consumers obtain energy and take carbon into their cells.
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#2) Cellular Respiration• Opposite of photosynthesis
• chemical reaction in mitochondria of cells where oxygen is used to liberate energy from glucose.
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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#3) Decomposition• the breaking down of dead organic matter
• Decomposers (bacteria + fungi) convert organic molecules (carbohydrates) back into carbon dioxide.
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Today
Nutrient cycling (CARBON) Review 6 main processes C is cycled What are YOU doing? PHosphorUs and Nitrogen (Phun with a P-H!)
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You’re the next contestant!• http://www.bcscience10.com/docs/puzzles/section02_1_puzzle/index.html
• One lucky volunteer gets to click the link and be the host while I check WB 24-26
• You have 10 minutes…
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Other ways carbon is cycled#4) Ocean processes (CO3
2-) sediments, marine organisms
remember CaCO3! We made some in a lab.
#5) Volcanic eruptions release CO2
#6) CO2 is rapidly released during forest fires (slowly for decomposing trees)
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Human activities and the carbon cycle
• Industry, motorized transportation, land clearing• Industrial revolution (160 yrs ago) CO2 levels increased by
30% from increase of fossil fuel burning• Increase in CO2 in the previous 160 000 ya was 1-3%• We release C from long-term stores FAST (coal, oil, gas)
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Anthropogenic effects• Burning fossil fuel reintroduces C to the cycle that was removed in a long term store• CO2, a greenhouse gas, is the most common form of carbon
absorbs heat in atm.• Contributes to global climate change
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Anthropogenic effects?• Clearing land reduces amount of carbon taken from
atmosphere by plants during photosynthesis
• Farm plants remove CO2, but less than natural vegetation
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Agriculture: cows are carbon culprits• Our obsession with
cows is causing almost 10% of global warming emissions http://qz.com/128662/our-obsession-with-cows-is-causing-almost-10-of-global-warming-emissions/#/h/15425,1/
• Cows release methane from digestion (23x stronger than CO2)
• Feed is not environmentally friendly
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Breaking down the carbon cycle• http://www.bcscience10.com/media/EP_carbon_cycle.swf
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Carbon cycle• http://www.bcscience10.com/protect/flash_u1_carbon_cycle.html
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Today
Nutrient cycling (CARBON) Review 6 main processes C is cycled What are YOU doing? PHosphorUs and Nitrogen (Phun with a P-H!) BONUS CHALLENGE… tell me what you learned
about nutrient cycling from THE link that was NOT covered in class (5 marks maximum, handed in at beginning of next class)
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