chapter 2 elasticity and viscoelasticity. mechanical testing machine
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2Elasticity and Viscoelasticity
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Mechanical Testing Machine
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Elastic Behavior
Stress–strain curves in an elastic regime. (a) Linear elastic curve , typical for metals, ceramics, and some polymers. (b) Nonlinear elastic curve, typical for rubber.
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Strain Energy Density
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Shear Stress and Shear Strain
(a) Specimen subjected to shear force. (b) Strain undergone by small cube in shear region. (c) Specimen (cylinder) subjected to torsion by a torque T.
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Poisson’s Ratio
(a) Unit cube being extended in direction Ox3. (b) Unit cube subjected to tridimensional stress; only stresses on the three exposed faces of the cube are shown. Poisson’s ratio, ν, is the negative ratio of the transverse strain and longitudinal strain.
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Generalized Hooke's Law
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Mohr Circle
(a) Biaxial (or bidimensional) state of stress. (b) Mohr circle construction, general orientation (c) Mohr circle and construction, principal stresses and maximum shear stresses (Method I).
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Mohr Circle
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Pure Shear
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Hooke’s Law for Anisotropic Materials
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Relations among Elastic Constants for Isotropic Materials
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Elastic Compliance and Stiffness Matrixes
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Compliance Matrix for a Cubic System
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Relationships Among Elastic Constants
Young’s modulus
Shear modulus
Bulk modulus
Poisson’s ratio
Lame΄ constants
11
1E
S
11 12
1
2( )G
S S
11 22 33
11 22 33
11
( )3
BK
12
11
S
S
44 11 1244
12
1 1( )
2C C C G
S
C
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Young’s Modulus of Monocrystalline Cu
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Young’s Modulus Monocrystalline Zirconia
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Young’s Modulus of Monocrystalline Zirconium
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Voigt and Reuss Averages for Polycrystals
Voigt average: isostrain
Reuss average: isostress
11 22 32
12 23 13
44 55 66
1 1(3 ' 3 ' ')
51
' ( )31
' ( )31
' ( )3
F G HE
F S S S
G S S S
H S S S
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Effect of Porosity on Young’s Modulus
20 1 2(1 )E E f f Watchman and
Mackenzie:1 21.9, 0.9f f
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Effect of Microcracks on Young’s Modulus
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Effect of Microcracks on Young’s Modulus
3 1
0
[1 1.63 ]E
NaE
3
0
1 1.63E
NaE
Salganik model
O’connell & Budiansky model
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Young’s Modulus of Polymers
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Young’s Modulus of Polymers as a Function of Temperature
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Viscoelasticity
n
n = 0: plastic
n = 1: linear viscous (Newtonian)
n ≠1 : nonlinear
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Viscosity and Fluidity
exp( )Q
ART
Viscosity
Fluidity
1
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Viscoelasticity
0
0
0 0
0 0
exp[ ( )]
exp[ ( )]
exp (cos sin )
' "
e e i t
i t
E i ie e e
E iE
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Viscoelasticity
0
0
0
0
' cos
" sin
Ee
Ee
Tensile storage modulus
Tensile loss modulus
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Rubber Elasticity
2 11 1[ ]nKT
11
0
l
l
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Stress-Strain Behavior of Biological Materials
(a) Stress–strain response of human vena cava: circles-loading;squares-unloading. (Adapted from Y. C. Fung, Biomechanics (New York: Springer, 1993),p. 366.)(b) Representation of mechanical response in terms of tangent modulus (slope of stress–strain curve) vs. stress. (Adapted from Y. C. Fung. Biomechanics, New York: Springer,1993), p. 329.)
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Residual Stresses in Arteries
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Cartilage
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Mesostructure of Cartilage
(a) Mesostructure of cartilage (consisting of four zones) showing differences in structure as a function of distance from surface; the bone attachment is at bottom. (From G. L. Lucas, F. W. Cooke, and E. A. Friis, A Primer on Biomechanics (New York: Springer, 1999), p. 273.) (b) Cross-section of human cartilage showing regions drawn schematically in (a). (Courtesy of K. D. Jadin and R. I. Sah.)
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Mechanical Behavior of Superficial Zone of Cartilage
Stress–strain curve for samples from the superficial zone of articular cartilage. Samples were cut parallel and perpendicular to collagen fiber orientation. (From G. E. Kempson, Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage. In Adult Articular Cartilage, ed. M. A. R. Freeman (London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd., 1973), pp. 171–228.)
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Mechanical Testing of DNA
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Force vs. Extension for DNA Molecule
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Stresses in a Thin Film
Effect of stresses in a thin film on bending of substrate; (a) tensile stresses in thin film; (b) compressive stresses in thin film.
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Elastic Constant and Bonding
Two atoms with an imaginary spring between them; (a) equilibrium position; (b) stretched configuration under tensile force; (c) compressed configuration under compressive force.
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Attraction and Repulsion between Two Atoms
(a) Interaction energies (attractive and repulsive terms) as a function of separation;
(b) Force between two atoms as a function of separation; slope decreases as separation increases.