chapter 2 economy & development - mr. o'neill's history...

Chapter 2 – Economy & Development

Chapter 2 – Economy & Development Section 4: The Contemporary Period (1867-PRESENT)

Part 3: 2nd Phase of industrialization & the Great Depression

2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930

• There are some changes from the 1st phase to the 2nd phase of industrialization

• What stayed the same?

– Factories in urban areas use of coal

– Same industries in cities food processing, clothing/textiles, tobacco products ‘LIGHT INDUSTRIES’

– Cheap labour in factories

– Railways and boats as transportation


• There are some changes from the 1st phase to the second phase of industrialization

• What changed/what was added?

– Large focus on the EXTRACTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES copper, zinc, gold, asbestos, timber ‘HEAVY INDUSTRIES’

– Periphery regions were used to exploit natural resources Abitibi, Cote-Nord, Gaspésie

– In addition to coal in factories extraction of natural resources required HYDROELECTRICITY as a power source


• There are some changes from the 1st phase to the second phase of industrialization

• What changed/what was added?

– Primary investment in Quebec industries changes from British to American

– In addition to railways and boats trucks used for transportation

– Unskilled workers were still used More SKILLED workers were used

– Focus on ‘external markets’ selling natural resources & goods to other countries like the USA


• Where:

–Urban regions like Montreal continued to produce manufactured goods in factories (Light industry)

–Addition of periphery regions for natural resource extraction (Heavy industry)

• Abitibi, Cote-Nord, Saguenay-Lac-St. Jean, Gaspésie


• What: –Factories in cities (light industry)

• food processing, clothing/textiles, tobacco products

–Periphery regions (Heavy industry) • Focus on natural resources

–Mining (copper, gold, asbestos, iron, etc.)

–Aluminium

–Pulp & Paper/forestry

–Hydroelectricity exploiting waterways

Natural Resource Extraction during the 2nd phase of industrialization Legend C = copper A=Aluminum production I=Iron-ore P=Pulp & Paper = hydroelectricity AS= Asbestos

A A P

P

P

I I

P

C S G

AS


Amalgamated Asbestos Corporation mine. Thetford Mines, Quebec. 1910


Asbestos processing mill. Asbestos Mines, Quebec. 1910


Eustis Copper and Pyrite mine. Eustis, Quebec. 1918


Asbestos Mine. Thedford Mines, Quebec. 1918


Hydro Electric Dam. Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation, Quebec. 1917


View of the Powerhouse. Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation. Shawinigan, Quebec. 1917


Interior of the Powerhouse. Shawinigan Company. Shawinigan, Quebec. 1909


Machine room-drying paper. Laurentide Pulp Mills. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1908


Stockpile of timber. Laurentide Pulp Company. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1918


Arial view of Laurentide Pulp Mills. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1919


Canadian Electro Products Company (Chemical plant). Shawinigan, Quebec. 1930


Railway lines close to Thedford Mines. Thedford Mines, Quebec. 1930


• How: –Boats and railways still important

–New regions are developed because of natural resources exploitation/extraction

–Railways are used to access these regions

–Ports/harbours are renovated/expanded to handle more ships & larger amounts of goods/natural resources

–Trucks are starting to play a role in the transportation of goods/natural resources


• How: – Investment was still coming from British investors

at the start of the 2nd phase of industrialization –However into the 1920s/1930s American

investment takes over –American companies are ‘setting up shop’ in

Quebec


• How:

–Companies are seeking out ‘external markets’

–Sending goods/natural resources outside of Quebec and Canada

–The USA is developing quickly need for:

• Materials for construction

• Paper for newspaper


• Who:

–Factories still require cheap labour • Low wages & horrible working conditions

• French Canadiens/immigrants

–Heavy industries required more specialized workers • Training

• Higher wages

• Possessed specific skills mining technologies, machinery for pulp and paper, etc.


• Why did the 2nd phase of industrialization happen? – ALL the same reasons as the 1st phase of

industrialization

– With the addition of: • A focus on heavy industries/natural resource extraction in

periphery regions

• Hydroelectricity as the main power source for natural resource extraction many waterways for hydroelectricity

• Increased American investment

• More skilled workers

• Increase in railway / road infrastructure to access periphery regions

• Access to ‘external markets’ for goods & natural resources

Industrialization & Working Conditions

• During the 2nd phase of industrialization working conditions remained horrible very little changed – 6 day work weeks of 60 to 70 hours

– Dangerous / unsanitary work spaces in factories

• Too cold, too hot, machinery could cut off limbs or worse, minimal to no ventilation

– Dangerous working conditions in the natural resource exploitation sectors (breathing in dust in mines, etc.)

– Physical/verbal abuse from supervisors

– No sick days

– Minimal compensation if laid-off

– Child labour continued

– Women & children paid less than men for the same work


• Unions in the first half of the 20th century in Quebec continued to grow

• 10% of workers were unionized in 1931-1932

• This grew to about 21% in 1941-1942

• Unions continued to have influence with the provincial and federal governments

• Starting in 1910 the Catholic Church started to organize unions mainly in Quebec response to American unions in Quebec

• Laws implemented to help workers

– By 1929 most provinces made it illegal for children under 14 to work in factories

– Laws establishing minimum wages for women

– Compensation for workers who suffered injuries on the job and an official commission to investigate such incidents


Industrialization & Urbanization

• During the 2nd phase of industrialization:

–Cities continued to grow • Montreal took over outlying areas as the city

grew

• More factories built in the urban territories

• Continued polarization between wealthy/business class neighborhoods and working class neighborhoods

• More public services (growing police force, services for citizens, etc. )

• Rise of department stores in Montreal


Rideau Shoe Factory. Montreal, Quebec. 1910


John W. Peck shirt & Clothing factory. Montreal, Quebec. 1910


Goodwin’s Department Store. Ste-Catherine’s Street. Montreal, Quebec. 1912


YMCA Swimming pool. Montreal, Quebec. 1914


Top Left: “Goutte de Lait” clinic Montreal – 1910. To help provide children with pasteurized milk. Top Right: Public Bath, Le Genereux Montreal – 1927. To provide people with a place to wash. Bottom Right: Public Bath & gymnasium, Montreal - 1916


Police involved in the St. Patrick’s Day Parade. Montreal, Quebec. 1930

Effects of industrialization (phase 1 & 2)

• Summary: How did industrialization affect society and the territory? – Urbanization

• Growing urban population, different types of neighborhoods

• Living conditions different for working class and elites

– Factories in cities • Changes the urban ‘landscape’

• Horrible working conditions

– Development of transportation • Transport natural resources and manufactured goods across the

country quickly access to all markets

– Exploitation of natural resources • Periphery regions mining, pulp and paper,

hydroelectricity

The Great Depression of the 1930’s

• What was the Great Depression (GD)?

–A period of time where the world-wide economy suffered

–Many companies in Canada went bankrupt

–Many people in Canada lost their jobs

–Many people in Canada lost their homes


• When did the Great Depression happen?

–The GD ‘started’ on October 24th, 1929 known as ‘Black Thursday’ the stock market in New York City crashed

–The GD was very difficult in Canada for at least 6-7 years

–When World War 2 began Canada was ‘pulled’ out of the great depression


• How did the Great Depression happen? – During the 1920s the economy was ‘too hot’ – Many homes were bought using mortgages that were

too big for the buyers – Goods for homes were also bought on lots of credit – Businesses were financed using credit (up to 90%) – Stock investors bought stock using credit (speculation) – People started to realize that stock prices were

artificially high not worth as much as people were paying for them PANIC stocks were sold off quickly prices dropped

– Companies were not as valuable investors lost their money


• How did the Great Depression happen?

–Companies went bankrupt

–People lost jobs couldn’t pay for homes or anything else they had on credit

–Less consumption = even more companies downsized and/or closed = more jobs were lost


• Who was affected by the Great Depression?

–Companies

• Couldn’t pay off loans

• Over produced goods that no one could afford to buy

• Factories and stores were closed


• Who was affected by the Great Depression?

–Banks

• Loans that banks gave out were not always paid back

• Individuals withdrew savings from banks in large quantities

• Over 9000 bank failures in the United States


• Who was affected by the Great Depression? – People

• Factory workers lost jobs

• Some people had to take ‘pay cuts’

• Farmers had to accept lower prices for their agricultural products bushel of wheat (60 pounds) sold for $1.68 in 1929 and $0.32 in 1932

• Farms in Western Canada suffered droughts and crop failures

• Doctors and dentists didn’t have as many clients people were trying to save money

• Unemployment reached 25%-30% in Canada


Unemployed men sleeping on park benches. Montreal Quebec. 1935


Food line at the Young Street Mission. Toronto, Ontario. Early 1930s


This picture is titled: ‘Moving Day’ • Why?

Montreal, Quebec. 1930


The ‘Dustbowl’ in the Prairies. Late 1920s-early 1930s


• What did the government do to help people during the Great Depression?

–Public works projects

–Work relief camps

–Direct aid


• Public works projects

–Construction projects that were run by the different governments (federal, provincial or city)

–Gave people (usually men) work with low wages

–Building bridges, renovating infrastructure, building ‘roads to nowhere’ (any type of infrastructure)


Men burying electrical wires on Parc Avenue. Montreal, Quebec. 1935


• Work relief camps

–Camps (looked like sleep away camps) that men would travel to

–Construction projects close to the camps

–Run by the federal or provincial governments

–Roads, bridges, highways, etc.


Men from a work relief camp building a road. Ontario. 1934


Work relief camp. Ontario. Mid 1930s


• Direct aid

–Aid given to citizens by different levels of government

– Food stamps, coupons, tokens for staple foods like milk and bread

– Soup kitchens (sometimes run by community groups and religious organizations)

– Free clothing and haircuts


Soup kitchen in a church basement (?). Montreal, Quebec. 1930


Monks giving free shoes and haircuts. Montreal, Quebec. 1930


Unemployed men getting haircuts. Montreal, Quebec. 1935

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chapter 2 economy & development - mr. o'neill's history...

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