chapter 2: culture copyright © allyn & bacon 20051 sociology: a down-to-earth approach 7/e...

Chapter 2: CultureChapter 2: Culture

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 1

Sociology: A Down-to-EarthSociology: A Down-to-EarthApproach 7/eApproach 7/e

Sociology: A Down-to-EarthSociology: A Down-to-EarthApproach 7/eApproach 7/e

James M. HenslinJames M. HenslinChapter Two: CultureChapter Two: Culture

James M. HenslinJames M. HenslinChapter Two: CultureChapter Two: Culture

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Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms, Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms,

Behavior Passed from One Generation to Behavior Passed from One Generation to

the Nextthe Next

Material vs. Nonmaterial CulturesMaterial vs. Nonmaterial Cultures


What is Culture?What is Culture?


What is Normal, Natural, or What is Normal, Natural, or

Usual?Usual?

The Culture Within UsThe Culture Within Us

Culture as LensCulture as Lens

Culture ShockCulture Shock

EthnocentrismEthnocentrismCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 3

Culture and Taken-for-Granted Culture and Taken-for-Granted OrientationsOrientations


Other CulturesOther Cultures

ThailandThailand TrinidadTrinidad



Understanding Cultures on Their Own Understanding Cultures on Their Own

TermsTerms

“ “Sick Cultures”Sick Cultures”

Confronting Contrasting Views of RealityConfronting Contrasting Views of Reality


Practicing Cultural RelativismPracticing Cultural Relativism


GesturesGestures



GesturesGestures

LanguageLanguage


Components of Symbolic CultureComponents of Symbolic Culture


Allows Human Experience to be Allows Human Experience to be

CumulativeCumulative

Provides a Social or Shared PastProvides a Social or Shared Past

Provides a Social or Shared FutureProvides a Social or Shared Future

Allows Shared PerspectivesAllows Shared Perspectives

Allows Complex, Shared, Goal-Directed Allows Complex, Shared, Goal-Directed

BehaviorBehaviorCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 8

Language and CultureLanguage and Culture


Language Has Embedded Within It Language Has Embedded Within It

Ways of Looking at the WorldWays of Looking at the World

Sapir-Whorf Reverses Common Sapir-Whorf Reverses Common

SenseSense


Language and Perception: Sapir-WhorfLanguage and Perception: Sapir-Whorf


Values—What is Desirable in LifeValues—What is Desirable in Life

Norms—Expectations or Rules for Norms—Expectations or Rules for

BehaviorBehavior

Sanctions—Reaction to Following or Sanctions—Reaction to Following or

Breaking NormsBreaking Norms

Positive SanctionsPositive Sanctions

Negative SanctionsNegative SanctionsCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 10

Values, Norms, and SanctionsValues, Norms, and Sanctions


Folkways—Norms not Strictly Folkways—Norms not Strictly

EnforcedEnforced

Mores—Core Values: We Insist on Mores—Core Values: We Insist on

ConformityConformityCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 11

Folkways and MoresFolkways and Mores


Subculture—A World Within the Subculture—A World Within the

Dominant CultureDominant Culture

Countercultures—Groups With Norms Countercultures—Groups With Norms

and Values at Odds With the Dominant and Values at Odds With the Dominant

CultureCulture


Subcultures and CounterculturesSubcultures and Countercultures


Values in U.S. SocietyValues in U.S. Society


Achievement and Achievement and SuccessSuccess

ProgressProgress EqualityEquality

IndividualismIndividualism Material ComfortMaterial ComfortRacism and Group Racism and Group

SuperioritySuperiority

Activity and WorkActivity and Work HumanitarianismHumanitarianism EducationEducation

Efficiency and Efficiency and PracticalityPracticality

FreedomFreedom ReligiosityReligiosity

Science and Science and TechnologyTechnology

DemocracyDemocracy Romantic LoveRomantic Love



Achievement and SuccessAchievement and Success

IndividualismIndividualism

Activity and WorkActivity and Work

Efficiency and PracticalityEfficiency and Practicality

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology




ProgressProgress

Material ComfortMaterial Comfort

HumanitarianismHumanitarianism

FreedomFreedom

DemocracyDemocracy




EqualityEquality

Racism and Group SuperiorityRacism and Group Superiority

EducationEducation

ReligiosityReligiosity

Romantic LoveRomantic Love



Value Contradictions and Social ChangeValue Contradictions and Social Change

““It is precisely at the point of value It is precisely at the point of value

contradictions, then, that one can see a contradictions, then, that one can see a

major force for social change in a society.”major force for social change in a society.”



LeisureLeisure

Self-fulfillmentSelf-fulfillment

Physical FitnessPhysical Fitness

YouthfulnessYouthfulness

Concern for the EnvironmentConcern for the Environment


Emerging ValuesEmerging Values


Culture Wars: When Values ClashCulture Wars: When Values Clash

Value as BlindersValue as Blinders

“ “Ideal” vs. “Real” CultureIdeal” vs. “Real” Culture


Values and CultureValues and Culture


Some Activities are Universal—Courtship, Some Activities are Universal—Courtship,

Marriage, Funerals, Games, etc.Marriage, Funerals, Games, etc.

Specific Customs Associated with Specific Customs Associated with

Activities Differ Between GroupsActivities Differ Between Groups


Cultural UniversalsCultural Universals


Controversial View of Human BehaviorControversial View of Human Behavior

Biology Cause of Human BehaviorBiology Cause of Human Behavior

Charles Darwin and Natural SelectionCharles Darwin and Natural Selection

Sociologists and Social Biologists on Sociologists and Social Biologists on

Opposite SidesOpposite Sides


SociobiologySociobiology


The New Technology—New ToolsThe New Technology—New Tools

Cultural Lag and Cultural ChangeCultural Lag and Cultural Change

Technology and Cultural LevelingTechnology and Cultural Leveling


Technology in the Global VillageTechnology in the Global Village

chapter 2: culture copyright © allyn & bacon 20051 sociology: a down-to-earth approach 7/e...

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