CULTURE

Chapter 2

What is Culture?

Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms, Behavior Passed from One Generation to the Next Material Culture – the material objects that

distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry

Nonmaterial Culture – (also called symbolic culture) a group’s ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction)

Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations

What is Normal, Natural, or Usual? Our speech, our gestures, our beliefs, and our customs,

are usually taken for granted. We assume that they are “normal”, and we almost always follow them without question.

Culture as Lens Culture becomes the lens through which we perceive

and evaluate what is going on around usCulture Shock – the disorientation that

people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for granted assumptions about life

Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations

Ethnocentrism – the use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors.

….not to be confused with

Cultural Relativism – not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

Cultural Diversity in the United States - Example

Arrival of the Hmong (page 40)The Trip OverThe New HomeThe New RulesIsolation and the Re-gathering

Components of Symbolic Culture

Symbolic Culture – another term for nonmaterial culture

Symbol – something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others

Gestures – the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another

Language – a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought

Components of Symbolic Culture

Gestures (page 44) Conveying messages without words Gestures’ meaning differ among cultures Can lead to misunderstandings

Components of Symbolic Culture

Language Allows human experience to be cumulative Provides social or shared past Provides social or shared future Allows shared perspective Allows complex, shared, goal-directed behavior

Language and Perception:Sapir-Whorf

Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis - Edward Sapir’s and Benjamin Whorf’s hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving Language Has Embedded Within It Ways of Looking at

the World Sapir-Whorf Reverses Common Sense Example: (page 48) Hebrew only has one word for

jam and jelly so this man never perceived or “saw”the difference until learning it in English

Values, Norms, and Sanctions

Values – The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly.

Norms – expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce values

Sanctions – expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms Positive Sanction – a rewards or positive reaction

following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize Negative Sanction – an expression of disapproval for

breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution

Folkways and Mores

Folkways – norms that are not strictly enforced Example: walking on the wrong side of the sidewalk

Mores – norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well-being of the group Example: a person who kills or rapes another person has

violates some of society’s most serious mores

Taboo – a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated Example: eating human flesh or having sex with one’s

parents

Subcultures and Countercultures

Subculture – The values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world

Counterculture – a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in oppsition to the broader culture

Pluralistic Society – a society made up of many different groups

Values in U.S. Society (a pluralistic society)Page 52

Romantic LoveRomantic LoveRomantic LoveRomantic LoveDemocracyDemocracyDemocracyDemocracyScience and Science and TechnologyTechnology

Science and Science and TechnologyTechnology

ReligiosityReligiosityReligiosityReligiosityFreedomFreedomFreedomFreedomEfficiency and Efficiency and PracticalityPracticality

Efficiency and Efficiency and PracticalityPracticality

EducationEducationEducationEducationHumanitarianismHumanitarianismHumanitarianismHumanitarianismActivity and WorkActivity and WorkActivity and WorkActivity and Work

Racism and Group Racism and Group SuperioritySuperiority

Racism and Group Racism and Group SuperioritySuperiorityMaterial ComfortMaterial ComfortMaterial ComfortMaterial ComfortIndividualismIndividualismIndividualismIndividualism

EqualityEqualityEqualityEqualityProgressProgressProgressProgressAchievement and Achievement and SuccessSuccess

Achievement and Achievement and SuccessSuccess

Emerging Values (page 57)

1) Leisure2) Self-fulfillment3) Physical Fitness4) Youthfulness5) Concern for the Environment

Value Cluster – values that together form a larger whole

Value Contradiction – values that contradict one another; to follow one means to come into conflict with the other

Values and Culture (page 58)

Culture Wars: When Values ClashValue as Blinders“Ideal” vs. “Real” Culture

Ideal Culture – the ideal values and norms of a people; the goals held out for them

Real culture – the norms and values that people actually follow

Cultural Universals

Cultural Universal – a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group For example, some activities are universal - courtship,

marriage, funerals, games However, specific customs associated with activities

differ between groups

Technology in the Global Village

Sociobiology – a framework of thought that views human behavior as the result of natural selection and considers biological factors to be the fundamental cause of human behavior Controversial View of Human Behavior Biology Cause of Human Behavior Charles Darwin and Natural Selection Sociologists and Social Biologists on

Opposite Sides

Technology in the Global Village

The New Technology - New Tools Technology – in it narrow sense, tools; its broader sense

includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools

New Technology – the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life

Cultural Lag and Cultural Change Cultural Lag – Ogburn’s term for human behavior lagging

behind technological innovations Cultural Diffusion – the spread of cultural characteristics

from one group to another

Technology and Cultural Leveling Cultural Leveling – the process by which cultures become

similar to one another; refers to the process by which U.S. culture is being exported and diffused into other nations