chapter 2 concepts in biochemistry copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by saunders, an imprint of...
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CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2
CONCEPTS IN BIOCHEMISTRYCONCEPTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Major Areas of BiochemistryMajor Areas of Biochemistry
Structure ~ three-dimensional atomic Structure ~ three-dimensional atomic arrangement of biomoleculesarrangement of biomolecules
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids
Metabolism ~ production & use of energyMetabolism ~ production & use of energyInformation ~ transference of biological Information ~ transference of biological information from DNA to RNAinformation from DNA to RNA
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.2
Structure:Structure:Fundamentals of BiochemistryFundamentals of Biochemistry
Ionic BondsIonic BondsBonds formed between Bonds formed between
positively charged metal ions positively charged metal ions and negatively charged and negatively charged nonmetal ionsnonmetal ions HydroxyapatiteHydroxyapatite
Covalent BondsCovalent BondsBonds formed between Bonds formed between
nonmetalsnonmetals Often carbon basedOften carbon based
Functional GroupsFunctional GroupsCopyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Structure:Structure:Fundamentals of BiochemistryFundamentals of Biochemistry
Functional GroupsFunctional GroupsConverted to other Converted to other
functional groups via functional groups via chemical reactionschemical reactions
OxidationOxidationReductionReductionCondensationCondensationHydrolysisHydrolysis
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.4
Major Classes of BiomoleculesMajor Classes of BiomoleculesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates
ProteinsProteins
Nucleic acidsNucleic acids
LipidsLipids
Insert atomic structure or Insert atomic structure or photo from text herephoto from text here
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.5
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates function in energy function in energy metabolism and metabolism and storagestorageMonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesDisaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
..
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ProteinProtein
Proteins function in Proteins function in providing structure, providing structure, contraction, contraction, transportation, transportation, catalyst, metabolism, catalyst, metabolism, and protectionand protectionAmino acidsAmino acidsSide chainsSide chainsAmino acids Amino acids
polymerize, polymerize, forming polypeptidesforming polypeptides
..
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.7
From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J:From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: Biochemistry for health Biochemistry for health professionalsprofessionals, Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby., Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby.
LipidsLipids
Lipids involved in Lipids involved in energy metabolism & energy metabolism & storage; structure, storage; structure, insulation, protection, insulation, protection, transportation, and transportation, and regulationregulationHydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophobicHydrophobic
Fatty acids (FAs)Fatty acids (FAs) TriglyceridesTriglycerides
..
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.8
From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: Biochemistry for health Biochemistry for health professionalsprofessionals, Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby., Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby.
EnzymesEnzymes function to
catalyze all biochemical reactions; beginning digestive processes…
Proteases~proteinsAmylases~carbohydratesLipases~lipids
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.9
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nucelic acids function Nucelic acids function to store & transfer to store & transfer genetic informationgenetic informationDNADNARNARNAGenomeGenomeNucleotidesNucleotides
..
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.10
From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: Biochemistry for health Biochemistry for health professionalsprofessionals, Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby., Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby.
MetabolismMetabolism
Metabolism is how Metabolism is how cells acquire, cells acquire, transform, store & use transform, store & use energyenergy
CatabolismCatabolismAnabolismAnabolism
ATP/Krebs cycleCopyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: Biochemistry for health Biochemistry for health professionalsprofessionals, Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby., Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby.
Carbohydrate MetabolismCarbohydrate Metabolism
Major energy source Major energy source is degradation of is degradation of carbohydratescarbohydrates
Occurs in Occurs in mitochondriamitochondria
Hormone regulators Hormone regulators include:include:InsulinInsulinGlucagonGlucagonEpinephrineEpinephrine
ATP/Krebs cycleCopyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: Biochemistry for health Biochemistry for health professionalsprofessionals, Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby., Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby.
Protein MetabolismProtein Metabolism
Proteins provide Proteins provide amino acids for amino acids for synthesis of new synthesis of new proteins proteins
Requires enzymesRequires enzymesProteasesProteasesKetogenic amino acidsKetogenic amino acidsGlucogenic amino Glucogenic amino
acidsacids
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
ATP/Krebs cycle
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From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: Biochemistry for health Biochemistry for health professionalsprofessionals, Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby., Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby.
Lipid MetabolismLipid Metabolism
Metabolism produces Metabolism produces more energy than more energy than carbohydrates and carbohydrates and proteinsproteins
Enzymes for digestion Enzymes for digestion include:include:LipaseLipase
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
ATP/Krebs cycle
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From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: From Batmanian L, Worrall S, Ridge J: Biochemistry for health Biochemistry for health professionalsprofessionals, Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby., Chatswood, NSW Australia, 2012, Mosby.
Health & Dental Hygiene Implications:Health & Dental Hygiene Implications:Lactose IntoleranceLactose Intolerance
Digestive insufficiency or inability? Why? What Digestive insufficiency or inability? Why? What process/processes are occurring or being process/processes are occurring or being blocked?blocked?
Groups impacted?Groups impacted?Nutritional care or patient treatment options? Nutritional care or patient treatment options?
Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.15