chapter 2 chapter 2 neuroscience and behavior. phrenology a theory of personality formulated in the...

CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2

NEUROSCIENCE NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAND BEHAVIOR

PhrenologyPhrenology

A theory of personality formulated in the 18th and 19 centuries by German physician Franz Joesf Gall. It stated that specific abilities or personality traits are represented by specific areas of the brain. The size of these brain areas determines the degrees of the corresponding skill or trait. Although wrong in most respects, the theory suggested the idea of localization of function.

Biological PsychologyBiological Psychology

Biological PsychologyBiological Psychology

(a.k.a. biopsychology/psychobiology):(a.k.a. biopsychology/psychobiology):

The study of psychological processesThe study of psychological processes

from a biological point of viewfrom a biological point of view

NEURONSNEURONS

Nerve cells that run throughout our body. Nerve cells that run throughout our body. They send and receive messages from other They send and receive messages from other structures in the body such as muscles and structures in the body such as muscles and glands. Neurons receive, integrate and glands. Neurons receive, integrate and transmit information in the form of signals.transmit information in the form of signals.

There are 3 main types of neurons: sensory There are 3 main types of neurons: sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons

A “TYPICAL” NEURON

Neuron: an individual nerve cell. Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They receive, integrate and transmit information in the form of signals. It is estimated that humans have 100-180 billion.

Components of a NeuronComponents of a NeuronSoma (Cell Body): Contains the nucleus (a body within the soma that contains the cell’s hereditary material of the cell) it produces energy that fuels the activity of the cell

Components of a NeuronComponents of a NeuronDendrites: The short, branched projections of a neuron that receive impulses from axons terminal on other neurons and conduct them toward the cell body.

Components of a NeuronComponents of a NeuronAxon: The long projection that transmit impulses away from the cell body to the synapse.

Components of a NeuronComponents of a NeuronMyelin Sheath: A white fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon. The myelin helps speed the impulses.

The loss of muscle control seen with multiple sclerosis is due to a degeneration of myelin sheath.

Components of a NeuronComponents of a NeuronNodes of Ranvier: the regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheath. The gaps permit the nerve impulses to leap from one node to the next thus speeding the transmission of the message

Components of a NeuronComponents of a NeuronAxon Terminals (Terminal Buttons): The endings on axons. They are small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Who wants to be a mill-neuron-aire?Who wants to be a mill-neuron-aire?

http://opl.apa.org/contributions/EC/Million.htm

Neural CommunicationNeural Communication

Action Potential:Action Potential: A brief electrical charge A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron. It that travels down the axon of a neuron. It works its way from the dendrites to the axon works its way from the dendrites to the axon terminal, much as a bite of swallowed food terminal, much as a bite of swallowed food makes its way from your mouth to your makes its way from your mouth to your stomach.stomach.

http://www.youtube.com/all_comments?v=U0NpTdge3awhttp://www.youtube.com/all_comments?v=U0NpTdge3aw


Selectively Permeable:Selectively Permeable: allows some allows some particles to pass in and out while blocking particles to pass in and out while blocking other.other.

The selectively permeable surface of the axons The selectively permeable surface of the axons allows positive ions inallows positive ions in

Ions:Ions: molecules that carry positive or negative molecules that carry positive or negative electrochemical chargeelectrochemical charge

Stimulus Threshold:Stimulus Threshold: The minimum level of stimulation The minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuronrequired to activate a particular neuron

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifD1YG07fB8


All-or-None-Law/Principle:All-or-None-Law/Principle: The The

principle stating that either a neuron is principle stating that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, and an action potential sufficiently stimulated, and an action potential occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and an action potential does not stimulated and an action potential does not occur. A neuron always fires at the same occur. A neuron always fires at the same intensity; all action potentials have the same intensity; all action potentials have the same strengthstrength


Refractory Period:Refractory Period: A short period between A short period between action potentials; it is so short that a neuron action potentials; it is so short that a neuron can send action potentials down its axons at can send action potentials down its axons at rates of up to 1000 per second.rates of up to 1000 per second.

How Neurons CommunicateHow Neurons Communicate

Synapse:Synapse: The tiny gap between the axon The tiny gap between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neurondendrites of the receiving neuron

It is across this tiny gap It is across this tiny gap

that neurons communicate that neurons communicate

with one anotherwith one another

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers

released from the axon terminalsreleased from the axon terminals. .

Neurotransmitters will bind only to specific Neurotransmitters will bind only to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane receptors on the postsynaptic membrane that recognize them. that recognize them.

How Neurotransmitters Influence UsHow Neurotransmitters Influence Us

Acetylcholine (ACh): Acetylcholine (ACh): AA neurotransmitter neurotransmitter that causes excitation at synapses between that causes excitation at synapses between motor neurons and skeletal muscles, causing motor neurons and skeletal muscles, causing the muscle to contract. It also plays a crucial the muscle to contract. It also plays a crucial role in learning and memory. Insufficient role in learning and memory. Insufficient supply of Ach is related to Alzheimer’s supply of Ach is related to Alzheimer’s disease.disease.

How Neurotransmitters Influence UsHow Neurotransmitters Influence Us

Endorphins:Endorphins:

found mainly in the pituitary gland they are found mainly in the pituitary gland they are the natural opiates released in response to the natural opiates released in response to pain and vigorous exercise. The release of pain and vigorous exercise. The release of endorphins during vigorous exercise endorphins during vigorous exercise explains a “runner’s high” and their release explains a “runner’s high” and their release in response to pain explains why some in response to pain explains why some injured people are indifferent to pain.injured people are indifferent to pain.

How Drugs & Other Chemicals How Drugs & Other Chemicals Alter NeurotransmissionAlter Neurotransmission

What happens when the brain is What happens when the brain is flooded with drugs such as heroin and flooded with drugs such as heroin and morphine?morphine?

The brain may stop producing its own The brain may stop producing its own natural opiates, and withdrawal of these natural opiates, and withdrawal of these drugs may result in discomfort until the drugs may result in discomfort until the brain resumes production of its natural brain resumes production of its natural opiatesopiates


Agonists:Agonists:

A drug that boosts the effect of a A drug that boosts the effect of a neurotransmitter. For example, Prozac neurotransmitter. For example, Prozac reduces depression by enhancing the reduces depression by enhancing the availability of serotonin at the synapse. availability of serotonin at the synapse. Prozac, therefore, is a serotonin agonist.Prozac, therefore, is a serotonin agonist.


Antagonists:Antagonists: A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter. For A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter. For

example, ACh triggers muscle contraction. Some native example, ACh triggers muscle contraction. Some native tribes in S. America use a poison called curare, to coat the tribes in S. America use a poison called curare, to coat the tips of the darts they use in their blowguns. When these tips of the darts they use in their blowguns. When these darts strike an animal, the result is paralysis, because the darts strike an animal, the result is paralysis, because the curare molecules fill the receptor sites on dendrites that curare molecules fill the receptor sites on dendrites that normally receive ACh, but the curare molecules do not normally receive ACh, but the curare molecules do not stimulate an action potential in the receiving neuron the way stimulate an action potential in the receiving neuron the way ACh would. This means the ACh is blocked from doing its ACh would. This means the ACh is blocked from doing its job and movement ceases. Therefore curare is an job and movement ceases. Therefore curare is an antagonist.antagonist.

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

A complex combination of cells that A complex combination of cells that allows you to gain information about allows you to gain information about what is going on inside and outside your what is going on inside and outside your body and to respond appropriatelybody and to respond appropriately

It is comprised of the Central Nervous It is comprised of the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gdjcd68sGE

Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

Nerve cells that send messages Nerve cells that send messages between the CNS and all the parts between the CNS and all the parts of the body, such as muscles, of the body, such as muscles, organs, and skin receptors. organs, and skin receptors.


Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Controls voluntary activities

It serves arousal functions

Controls involuntary actions. It regulates the body’s vital functions: breathing, digestion, blood pressure, etc. It is also involved in emotions


AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEMAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

Calms the body after emergencies. Restores

the body’s energy

Prepares the body for fight-or flight

response

The Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Peripheral Nervous System

Three Types of NeuronsThree Types of Neurons Sensory NeuronsSensory Neurons

Carry information from the sense receptors to the spinal Carry information from the sense receptors to the spinal cord and brain.cord and brain.

Motor NeuronsMotor NeuronsNerves that carry information away from the brain and Nerves that carry information away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands so they can takes spinal cord to the muscles and glands so they can takes actionaction

InterneuronsInterneuronsNerve cells in the brain & spinal cord that are responsible Nerve cells in the brain & spinal cord that are responsible for processing information, they are neither sensory nor for processing information, they are neither sensory nor motor but connect other neurons within the CNSmotor but connect other neurons within the CNS

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

Brain and the Spinal CordBrain and the Spinal Cord

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

Reflexes: Reflexes: (1(1stst proposed by R. Descartes) proposed by R. Descartes)

Automatic responses to stimuli. A simple Automatic responses to stimuli. A simple spinal reflex pathway is composed of a single spinal reflex pathway is composed of a single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron. sensory neuron and a single motor neuron. They often communicate They often communicate

through an interneuron.through an interneuron.

Which Nervous System?Which Nervous System?

Which nervous system is involved in Which nervous system is involved in allowing you to shoot a basketball, smell allowing you to shoot a basketball, smell freshly baked bread, and push the keys on freshly baked bread, and push the keys on a piano?a piano?

Somatic Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous System


The digestion of last night’s dinner is The digestion of last night’s dinner is most directly controlled by which most directly controlled by which nervous system?nervous system?

AutonomicAutonomic


The voluntary command Zelda uses to The voluntary command Zelda uses to raise her hand in class would travel raise her hand in class would travel through which nervous system from the through which nervous system from the spinal cord to the muscles that control spinal cord to the muscles that control movement?movement?

SomaticSomatic


When a man grabbed Zoe’s purse, she ran When a man grabbed Zoe’s purse, she ran after him, tackled him, and retrieved her after him, tackled him, and retrieved her purse. Then she realized that her heart purse. Then she realized that her heart was racing, her breathing was irregular, was racing, her breathing was irregular, and she was trembling. and she was trembling. Which of Zoe’s nervous systems was Which of Zoe’s nervous systems was responsible for this reaction?responsible for this reaction?

SympatheticSympathetic


You woke up late for your big job You woke up late for your big job interview! You are running and your heart interview! You are running and your heart is beating fast!is beating fast!

Which nervous system governs your Which nervous system governs your running?running?

SomaticSomatic Which nervous system governs your heart Which nervous system governs your heart

rate?rate?

Autonomic (Sympathetic)Autonomic (Sympathetic)


Zeon had a long, difficult day at school. As Zeon had a long, difficult day at school. As he sits down on the sofa, his heart rate and he sits down on the sofa, his heart rate and breathing slow down, his muscles relax, and breathing slow down, his muscles relax, and his digestive system starts getting ready for his digestive system starts getting ready for food. Which of Zeon’s nervous systems has food. Which of Zeon’s nervous systems has been activated?been activated?

ParasympatheticParasympathetic

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System The endocrine system contains hormones The endocrine system contains hormones

which stimulate growth and many kinds which stimulate growth and many kinds of reactions. of reactions.

Hormones have specific receptor sites. Hormones have specific receptor sites. Hormones are produced by glands such Hormones are produced by glands such as the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, as the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, the testes, and the the adrenal gland, the testes, and the ovaries.ovaries.

Hormones are to the endocrine

system as ______________ are

to the _________________

The endocrine system isThe endocrine system is faster/slower faster/slower than the nervous than the nervous

systemsystem

Thyroid Gland: Secretes hormones involved in metabolism

Hypothyroidism (too little thyroxin) leads to being overweight

Hyperthyroidism (too much thyroxin) leads to weight loss, inability to sleep, excitability, etc.

Adrenal Gland: The outer layer of the adrenal glands secretes cortical steroids which increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development. Cortical steroids also release stored sugar, making energy available for emergencies.

Pituitary Gland: is also known as the “master gland” because it secretes many hormones that affect a wide range of behaviors such as growth, pregnancy, mothering, etc.

Testosterone: A male sex hormone produced by the testes in the male.

If, in the prenatal period, testosterone is secreted male sex organs develop. However, if testosterone is NOT secreted, female sex organs develop. In adolescence, testosterone aids in the growth of muscle and bone and in the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics

Estrogen and Progesterone:

female sex hormones secreted by the ovaries

Estrogen is involved in the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics

The BrainThe Brain

The Tools of DiscoveryThe Tools of Discovery Lesion: Lesion: a naturally or experimentally a naturally or experimentally

caused destruction of brain tissuecaused destruction of brain tissue Clinical Observation: Clinical Observation: The oldest method The oldest method

of studying the brain. People with brain of studying the brain. People with brain injuries or diseases and observe how these injuries or diseases and observe how these injuries effect their functioning. These injuries effect their functioning. These clinical observations have helped scientists clinical observations have helped scientists map the brain. (Ex. Phineas Gage)map the brain. (Ex. Phineas Gage)

METHODS OF STUDYING THE METHODS OF STUDYING THE BRAINBRAIN

Electroencephalogram (EEG):Electroencephalogram (EEG):

Records the electrical activity of the brain Records the electrical activity of the brain creating “brain waves” It is frequently creating “brain waves” It is frequently used in studying sleep, monitoring the used in studying sleep, monitoring the depth of anesthesia, diagnosing epilepsy, depth of anesthesia, diagnosing epilepsy, and other brain disorders or dysfunction, and other brain disorders or dysfunction, as well as studying normal brain functionas well as studying normal brain function


Neuroimaging TechniquesNeuroimaging Techniques PET Scans:PET Scans: The test involves injecting a very small dose of a The test involves injecting a very small dose of a

radioactive glucose into the vein of your arm. The glucose radioactive glucose into the vein of your arm. The glucose travels through the body and is absorbed by the organs and travels through the body and is absorbed by the organs and tissues being studied. Next, you will be asked to lie down tissues being studied. Next, you will be asked to lie down on a flat examination table that is moved into the center of on a flat examination table that is moved into the center of a PET scanner—a doughnut-like shaped machine. This a PET scanner—a doughnut-like shaped machine. This machine detects and records the energy given off by the machine detects and records the energy given off by the tracer substance and, with the aid of a computer, this tracer substance and, with the aid of a computer, this energy is converted into three-dimensional pictures. A energy is converted into three-dimensional pictures. A physician can then look at cross-sectional images of the physician can then look at cross-sectional images of the body organ from any angle in order to detect any functional body organ from any angle in order to detect any functional problems. problems.

PET SCAN Image


Types of ScansTypes of Scans CAT Scans: Produce a 3-CAT Scans: Produce a 3-

dimensional view of the brain that dimensional view of the brain that can be displayed on a video can be displayed on a video monitormonitor

This is what the image looks like This is what the image looks like taken by a CAT scantaken by a CAT scan

This is NOT the type of CAT Scan to which I am referring


Types of ScansTypes of Scans MRI: more powerful than a CAT Scan MRI: more powerful than a CAT Scan

and can show detail more clearlyand can show detail more clearly


Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)(fMRI)

This technique can reveal the brain’s This technique can reveal the brain’s functioning as well as its structure. Blood functioning as well as its structure. Blood goes where the brain is especially active. goes where the brain is especially active. Therefore researchers can watch the brain Therefore researchers can watch the brain light up as a person performs different light up as a person performs different mental functions.mental functions.

Ten Amazing Facts About the Ten Amazing Facts About the BrainBrain

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmcHH4wPpMUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmcHH4wPpMU

ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN

Older Brain StructuresOlder Brain Structures

The Brainstem: The Brainstem: the oldest part and the oldest part and central core of the brain. It begins where central core of the brain. It begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. It is responsible for automaticIt is responsible for automatic

survival functions. survival functions. It is comprised of… It is comprised of…

MedullaMedulla PonsPons

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM

Older Brain StructuresOlder Brain Structures BrainstemBrainstem

Medulla:Medulla: located at the base of the located at the base of the brainstem, it controls basic life support brainstem, it controls basic life support functions like heartbeat and breathingfunctions like heartbeat and breathing

Pons: Pons: it works with the cerebellum in it works with the cerebellum in controlling equilibrium, and with the controlling equilibrium, and with the cerebral cortex in cerebral cortex in

smoothing and smoothing and coordinating voluntary coordinating voluntary movements.movements.


Reticular Formation (Reticular Activating Reticular Formation (Reticular Activating System: RAS): System: RAS): It is involved in arousal, It is involved in arousal, alertness, and sleep-wake cycles. Alcohol alertness, and sleep-wake cycles. Alcohol can disrupt the activity of the RAS thus can disrupt the activity of the RAS thus affecting alertness and reaction time. If the affecting alertness and reaction time. If the fibers from the RAS are disconnected from fibers from the RAS are disconnected from the brain, a person goes into a permanent the brain, a person goes into a permanent comacoma


Thalamus:Thalamus: The brain’s sensory switchboard, The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages for all senses EXCEPT smellmessages for all senses EXCEPT smell

Cerebellum:Cerebellum: (Latin for Little Brain): Helps (Latin for Little Brain): Helps coordinate voluntary movement and balancecoordinate voluntary movement and balance

cerebellum

The Limbic SystemThe Limbic System

Limbic System:Limbic System: Contains Contains AmygdalaAmygdala HypothalamusHypothalamus HippocampusHippocampus

(HAH!=Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus)(HAH!=Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus)


Amygdala:Amygdala: An almond shaped neural An almond shaped neural cluster in the limbic system that controls cluster in the limbic system that controls emotional responses, such as fear, aggression emotional responses, such as fear, aggression and anger.and anger.


Hypothalamus:Hypothalamus: It helps regulate many of It helps regulate many of the body’s maintenance activities, such as the body’s maintenance activities, such as eating, drinking, body temperature, sex drive, eating, drinking, body temperature, sex drive, etc. It is also linked to emotions such as etc. It is also linked to emotions such as pleasurepleasure Reward centers are located in the hypothalamus. Reward centers are located in the hypothalamus.

When allowed to trigger their own stimulation in When allowed to trigger their own stimulation in these reward centers by pressing a pedal, rats these reward centers by pressing a pedal, rats would sometimes do so at a feverish pace until would sometimes do so at a feverish pace until they dropped from exhaustion.they dropped from exhaustion.


HypothalamusHypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus:Lateral Hypothalamus:

Tells us we are hungryTells us we are hungry Ventromedial HypothalamusVentromedial Hypothalamus

Tells us we are fullTells us we are full


Hippocampus: Hippocampus: (Hippo is Greek for horse). (Hippo is Greek for horse). The hippocampus is a horse shoe shaped The hippocampus is a horse shoe shaped structure that helps process new memories for structure that helps process new memories for permanent storage.permanent storage.

The Cerebral CortexThe Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral Cortex: Cerebral Cortex: The brain’s wrinkled outer surface that The brain’s wrinkled outer surface that

make up the body’s ultimate control and make up the body’s ultimate control and information processing center. It is the information processing center. It is the largest and most complex part of the largest and most complex part of the human brain, making up 2/3 of the weight human brain, making up 2/3 of the weight of the entire nervous system. It is of the entire nervous system. It is responsible for out most complex responsible for out most complex activities such as learning, remembering activities such as learning, remembering & thinking.& thinking.

Memory Cues for Parts of the BrainMemory Cues for Parts of the Brain

TermTerm KeywordKeyword MeaningMeaning Your Mental PictureYour Mental Picture

Broca’s Broca’s AreaArea

BrokenBroken Directs muscles Directs muscles for for speech speech productionproduction

Imagine breaking a talking doll. Imagine breaking a talking doll. If it gets If it gets brokenbroken (Broca), it won’t (Broca), it won’t talktalk (speech) anymore (speech) anymore

Parietal Parietal LobeLobe

ParentParent Sense of Sense of touchtouch

Imagine that a Imagine that a parentparent (parietal) is (parietal) is touching his/her baby’s forehead touching his/her baby’s forehead to feel if the baby has a to feel if the baby has a temperaturetemperature

CerebralCerebral

CortexCortex

Cereal Cereal CourtCourt

JudgmentJudgment You & a friend have a dispute You & a friend have a dispute over a box of cereal. So, you go over a box of cereal. So, you go to to cereal courtcereal court (cerebral cortex) (cerebral cortex) and face a judge (judgment)and face a judge (judgment)


TermTerm KeywordKeyword MeaningMeaning Your Mental PictureYour Mental Picture

Hypo-Hypo-

ThalamusThalamus

Hypo-Hypo-chondriacchondriac

Hunger & Hunger & ThirstThirst

Imagine a Imagine a hypochondriachypochondriac (hypothalamus) thinking they’re (hypothalamus) thinking they’re hungryhungry & t & thirstyhirsty when they’re not when they’re not

AmygdalaAmygdala ArmageddonArmageddon Aggression Aggression & Fear& Fear

In the Bible, In the Bible, Armageddon Armageddon (amygdala) is the final battle (amygdala) is the final battle between good and evil. Battles of between good and evil. Battles of full of aggressionfull of aggression

Frontal Frontal

LobeLobe

FrontFront Impulse Impulse controlcontrol

Imagine a student losing patience & Imagine a student losing patience & crowding to the crowding to the frontfront of the line. of the line. He has lost impulse cHe has lost impulse controlontrol..

CorpusCorpus

CallosumCallosum

CorpseCorpse Connects the 2 Connects the 2 cerebral cerebral hemispereshemisperes

Imagine a tiny corpse (corpus) lying Imagine a tiny corpse (corpus) lying across (connecting) the two cerebral across (connecting) the two cerebral hemisphereshemispheres


TermTerm Key word Key word MeaningMeaning Your mental pictureYour mental picture

Left Left HemisphereHemisphere

Left FieldLeft Field Handles Handles LanguageLanguage

Imagine a Ryan Braun in left Imagine a Ryan Braun in left field talking (language) field talking (language) continuously during a game (for continuously during a game (for example, “swing, batter, swing example, “swing, batter, swing batter, etc)batter, etc)

Temporal Temporal LobeLobe

Tempera Tempera PaintsPaints

HearingHearing Imagine someone painting Imagine someone painting tempera paint (temporal) all over tempera paint (temporal) all over their ears (hearing) “These ears their ears (hearing) “These ears aren’t painted on,” she saysaren’t painted on,” she says

Hippo-Hippo-

CampusCampus

HippoHippo MemoriesMemories Imagine a hippo (hippocampus) Imagine a hippo (hippocampus) wearing an elephant trunk as a wearing an elephant trunk as a Halloween costume. “It helps Halloween costume. “It helps my memory!” he saysmy memory!” he says

Structure of the CortexStructure of the Cortex

Glia Cells:Glia Cells: Cells in the nervous system that Cells in the nervous system that

support, nourish, and protect neurons.support, nourish, and protect neurons.

FOUR LOBES OF THE BRAINFOUR LOBES OF THE BRAIN

FRONTAL LOBE

TEMPORAL LOBE

PARIETAL LOBE

OCCIPITAL LOBE

Functions of the CortexFunctions of the Cortex

Motor FunctionsMotor Functions Motor Cortex: Motor Cortex: It initiates voluntary It initiates voluntary

movements in specific parts of the body movements in specific parts of the body (right side of the brain controls the left side (right side of the brain controls the left side of the body, etc.)of the body, etc.)


Mapping the Motor CortexMapping the Motor Cortex Those areas of the body Those areas of the body

requiring precise control requiring precise control

(such as the fingers and (such as the fingers and

the mouth) occupy the the mouth) occupy the

greatest amount of greatest amount of

cortical space.cortical space.


Neural ProstheticsNeural Prosthetics In an effort to find the source of motor control, In an effort to find the source of motor control,

researchers have recorded messages from brain researchers have recorded messages from brain areas involved in planning and intention, areas involved in planning and intention, leading to testing of neural prosthetics for leading to testing of neural prosthetics for paralyzed patients. Paralyzed patients are now paralyzed patients. Paralyzed patients are now able to mentally to mentally control a able to mentally to mentally control a television, play video games, etc.television, play video games, etc.

http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/story/2011-10-15/robotic-touch/50774398/1http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/story/2011-10-15/robotic-touch/50774398/1


Sensory FunctionsSensory Functions Sensory CortexSensory Cortex

A region at the front of the parietal A region at the front of the parietal lobes, it registers and processes body lobes, it registers and processes body sensations. The most sensitve body sensations. The most sensitve body parts (i.e your finger tips) require the parts (i.e your finger tips) require the largest amount of space in the largest amount of space in the sensory cortexsensory cortex

http://opl.apa.org/contributions/EC/Hom.htmhttp://opl.apa.org/contributions/EC/Hom.htm


Association AreasAssociation Areas Association areas are found in all four lobes. Association areas are found in all four lobes.

They are involved in higher mental They are involved in higher mental functions, such as learning, remembering, functions, such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speakingthinking, and speaking

LanguageLanguage

Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area Wernicke’s AreaWernicke’s Area

LanguageLanguage Aphasia: Aphasia: loss or impairment of the ability loss or impairment of the ability

to understand language or express oneself to understand language or express oneself through language due to brain injury or through language due to brain injury or diseasedisease

LanguageLanguage

Broca’s Area:Broca’s Area: (discovered by Paul Broca in (discovered by Paul Broca in the 1880s)the 1880s) directs the muscle movements involved directs the muscle movements involved in the production of speech (expressive language) in the production of speech (expressive language) Damage to Broca’s area (which often happens to Damage to Broca’s area (which often happens to stroke victims) results in difficulty with spoken stroke victims) results in difficulty with spoken languate. Stroke victims can form ideas but can’t languate. Stroke victims can form ideas but can’t turn those ideas into coherent speechturn those ideas into coherent speech

Their comprehension of speech is fine Their comprehension of speech is fine and their ability to sing familiar songs and their ability to sing familiar songs are fineare fine

LanguageLanguage

Wernicke’s Area:Wernicke’s Area: (discovered by Carl (discovered by Carl Wernicke in 1874) it is involved with your Wernicke in 1874) it is involved with your ability to understand what someone else ability to understand what someone else says (receptive language). Damage to says (receptive language). Damage to Wernicke’s area might leave a person able Wernicke’s area might leave a person able to hear words but unable to comprehend the to hear words but unable to comprehend the meaning of sentences created with the meaning of sentences created with the words.words.

LanguageLanguage

Describe the 5 brain areas that would be Describe the 5 brain areas that would be involved if you read this sentence aloud.involved if you read this sentence aloud. 1. registered in the visual area1. registered in the visual area 2. relayed to the angular gyrus which transforms2. relayed to the angular gyrus which transforms

the words into an auditory codethe words into an auditory code 3. the auditory code is received & understood in 3. the auditory code is received & understood in

the nearby Wernicke’s areathe nearby Wernicke’s area 4. it is then sent to Broca’s area4. it is then sent to Broca’s area 5. which controls the motor cortex as it creates the 5. which controls the motor cortex as it creates the

pronounced wordpronounced word

The Brain’s PlasticityThe Brain’s Plasticity

Plasticity:Plasticity: the brain’s capacity for the brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in reorganization following damage (especially in children)children)

Our Divided BrainOur Divided Brain

Splitting the Brain:Splitting the Brain: To control the disease of To control the disease of epilepsy, it is sometimes necessary to cut the epilepsy, it is sometimes necessary to cut the corpus callosum so that seizures do not spread corpus callosum so that seizures do not spread form one hemisphere to anotherform one hemisphere to another Corpus Callosum:Corpus Callosum: the wide band of axon the wide band of axon

fibers that connects the two brain hemispheresfibers that connects the two brain hemispheres Split brain:Split brain: a split brain is one whose corpus a split brain is one whose corpus

callosum has been severedcallosum has been severed

Studying Hemispheric Differences in Studying Hemispheric Differences in the Intact Brainthe Intact Brain

Laterization:Laterization: the tendency for one cerebral the tendency for one cerebral hemisphere to excel at a particular skill hemisphere to excel at a particular skill compared with the other hemispherecompared with the other hemisphere

LANGUAGE ABILITIESLANGUAGE ABILITIES

Left Hemisphere:Left Hemisphere:

Language Functions are based in the left Language Functions are based in the left hemisphere for most peoplehemisphere for most people

LEFT VS. RIGHT HEMISPHERELEFT VS. RIGHT HEMISPHERE

Left:Left: logic, problem solving, logic, problem solving, mathematical computation, etc.mathematical computation, etc.

Right:Right: imagination, art, feeling, and imagination, art, feeling, and spatial relationsspatial relations

HoweverHowever… People are NOT right or left … People are NOT right or left brained. The hemispheres do NOT act brained. The hemispheres do NOT act independently of each otherindependently of each other

chapter 2 chapter 2 neuroscience and behavior. phrenology a theory of personality formulated in the...

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