chapter 2 business psychology

College of Business AdministrationManagement, Marketing and Office Admin. Dept.BUSINESS PSYCHOLOGY

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AS A SCIENTIFIC SUBJECT MATTER

Chapter 2


• Discuss the psychological factors in Human Behavior

• Learning Objectives


• What is individual Differences? • Heredity and Environment • Mechanics of Heredity • Determination of Sex – Cell Division – Twins

• Environment and Human Development • Sense Organs

• Learning Content


• Life begins at conception (imagine)• It is interesting to ask what makes us

different as we grow older.• We have varied hereditary backgrounds.• We have different environmental

influences and our physical and mental characteristics are complex resultants of both factors.

• Human behavior as a scientific subject matter


• Everything that a person thinks, says, and does, and all the responses that he expresses in everyday living, have reasons behind them.

• Behavior depend upon physiological factors as well as environmental factors.

• Physiological Factors in Behavior


• Ruch (1964) defines behavior as "the activities or processes that can be observed objectively such as the organized patterns of responses as a whole."

• Physiological Factors in Behavior


WHAT IS THE NATURE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES?


• An exciting aspect of working in the business world is that a person encounters all kinds of people.

• Knowing them, in time, will expand his horizons, just as their knowing him will expand theirs.

• Individual difference


• Each of these men and women he will come upon is an individual, as unique as he is.

• Everyone, and specially one who is involved in business, should understand that individuals differ from each other quantitatively, that is, they differ not in the kind of trails but in the degree.



• Individual differences are personal attributes that vary from one person to another.

• What are individual differences?–Physical.–Psychological.– Emotional.



• The better the businessman gets to know them, the closer he will feel to them and eventually discover their likes and dislikes, their special interests, and their reaction to a variety of situations.



• In dealing with other people, it pays to be constantly aware of the many causes of individual differences, and it pays to be alert to those differences among employees, customers, or others with whom one comes in contact with.



Listening attentively to their remarks or suggestions

Observing their behavior Conducting opinion and attitude

surveys Using psychological tests

• Some ways of detecting individual differences in people are by:


CAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES


• Heredity and Environment. • Heredity means:– the passing on of physical or mental

characteristics genetically from one generation to another

• Environment– the surroundings or conditions in which a

person, animal, or plant lives or operates

• Causes of Individual Differences


• Varied Hereditary background and differing environmental conditions are the underlying causes of individual differences.

• Man has native as well as acquired characteristics.



• Stated that man's biological characteristics determine his capacity for growth and development; that in the process of development, there is an interlocking influence between heredity and environment and that the influence of nature cannot be distinguished nor can it be isolated from the effects of the environment.

• E.B. Hurlock (1982)


• Heredity– process of transmitting biological traits from

parent to offspring through genes, the basic units of heredity. Heredity also refers to the inherited characteristics of an individual, including traits such as height, eye color, and blood type

• Causes of Individual Differences - Heredity


• Heredity– "the transmission of characteristic traits from

parents to offspring biologically through the genes,“

• The traits most influenced by heredity include:– Physical features– Predisposition to certain diseases,– Intelligence– Sensory acuity, and – Other fundamental capacities and abilities• Causes of Individual Differences - Heredity


• Color of your hair• Body build• Eye color

• Example


• People are different from one another because different parents have different physical and mental characteristics which are transmitted to their offspring

• The belief that heredity implies parental resemblance is false because the genes are continuous from generation to generation.

• Causes of Individual Differences - Heredity


• Ruch stressed that the individual inherits not only the physical characteristics that have remained latent for many generations but also those that may appear in an offspring because of a particular combination of genes.

• The result will be an individual unlike his parents



MECHANICS OF HEREDITY


• Genetics – is the study of how heredity works and, in

particular, of genes. A gene is a section of a long deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, and it carries information for the construction of a protein or part of a protein.

• Mechanics of Heredity


• The principles of heredity hold true not only for a puppy but also for a virus, a roundworm, a pansy, or a human.



• Munn (1961) calls the union caused by the penetration of the sperm cell from the male into the ovum of the female, "fertilization.“

• The fertilized egg or ovum (zygote) contains the potentiality for growth and development that eventually result in a fully mature individual who is both similar to and different from every other person.



• The continuance of human life from generation to generation is made possible through the passing of specialized cells from parents to their children.

• These cells are capable of reproducing a new organism having specific traits and tendency to develop in certain infinite ways rather than in other ways.

• The hereditary process is extremely complex. The direction of growth and development is controlled by the chromosomes.



• Recessive Gene Transmission


DETERMINATION OF SEX


• Chromosome–microscopic structure within cells that carries the molecule deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)—the hereditary material that influences the development and characteristics of each organism.

• Determination of Sex – What are Chromosome?


• In bacteria and bacteria-like organisms called archaebacteria, chromosomes consist of simple circles of DNA floating freely in the organism.

• In all other life forms, collectively called eukaryotes, chromosomes reside within a well-defined nucleus. In eukaryotes, chromosomes are highly complex structures in which the shape of the DNA molecules is linear, rather than circular.

• Determination of Sex – What are Chromosome?


• Example Chromosome Structure

Polytene


• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with a diploid number of 46.

• Scientists number these chromosome pairs according to their size—the largest is chromosome 1 and the smallest is chromosome 23.

• In human chromosomes, errors may occur that give rise to embryos with more or less genetic material, sometimes resulting in developmental disabilities or health problems

• Determination of Sex - Human Chromosomes


• In the female, these are a pair of X's or matched chromosomes.

• When a sperm fertilizes an ovum, each supplies half of the chromosomes for the combination of cells that will grow into a baby. If the sperm contains an X chromosomes, the baby gets that X plus an X from the mother; the result will be an XX, a female.



• If the sperm contains a Y chromosome, the baby gets that, plus an X from the mother; the potent male Y overpowers the single X and the result is an XY, a male.

• The sex of the developing ovum is fixed at the time of fertilization. Father produces sperms of two kinds in equal numbers. Mother produces eggs all of one kind, with a large X sex chromosome.



• XY = Male• XX = Female

• 46 chromosomes are inherited

• Illustration


• Human Male Karyotype


• Down Syndrome

Trisomy 21


• Klinefelter’s Syndrome


• Identical twins always are of the same sex and resemble each other very closely, especially in physical appearance.

• Fraternal twins develop simultaneously from the fertilized ova and do not have the same set of genes.

• Identical and Fraternal Twins


Identical Twins

are products of

A singlesperm

andA

single egg

In the early stage the embryodivides

The halves go on to become

usually, but not always, identical

twins share the same placenta

and fetal sac.

They carry the same genes

ALWAYS OF THE SAME SEX


Fraternal twinsAre products of 2 different eggs fertilized by 2 different sperms.

They have different genes and may develop in different ways, usually but not always having separate placenta and separate fetal sacs.

They are totally different individuals.

Theymay

be

BOTH OF THE SAME SEX

2 boys or 2 girls

or A MIXED PAIR


• Refers to "all the conditions outside the living organism which influence its growth, development, and behavior from the time it is conceived to the time it dies."

• The natural world, especially as affected by human activity

• All things that cause the individual to react, like food, accidents, diseases, stimulants, poison, and social institutions constitute also a part of the environment.

• Environment


• Sometimes environment is referred to as nurture.

• These external conditions and factors include the physical, mental, and moral agencies which surround the organism; the domestic, educational, and social influences with which he comes in contact


• Prenatal Environment – This is the kind of environment which

influences the individual before birth, including the condition of the mother during the development of the baby

• Postnatal Environment– This is the environment after birth. – After birth, life continues to come under the

influence of many varied environmental stimuli.

• Two Kinds Of Environment


• Home Influence • Neighborhood Influences• School Experiences • Training• Sex

• Postnatal Environmental Influences


THE SENSE ORGANS


• In humans and other animals, faculties by which outside information is received for evaluation and response.

• This is accomplished by the effect of a particular stimulus on a specialized organ, which then transmits impulses to the brain via a nerve or nerves.

• THE SENSE ORGANS


• Sense of hearing (auditory sense)• Sense of seeing (visual sense)• Sense of smell (olfactory sense)• Sense of taste (gustatory sense)• Sense of feeling (cutaneous sense)

• Aristotle classified five senses


• Senses of :

–Pressure– Heat– Cold–Contact–Pain

• Multiplicity of subdivisions


• Also referred to auditory sense• One of the five main senses, by which

sound waves are perceived by the organ of hearing—the ear

• The process of sound perception is called audition.

• Hearing Sense


• Structure of the Ear


• This sense is very high in cognitive value because much of our knowledge of objective sensible relations comes to us through the medium of this sense

• Visual Sense


• Structure of the Eye


• Also referred as Cutaneous Sense• The most extensive of all the

external senses because it embraces a number of powers which are the sense of contact, sense of pressure, and sense of pain

• Nerves, corpuscles found under the skin and are instrumental in the production of tactile impressions

• Sense of Feeling


• Cross Section of Skin


• Referred to as olfactory sense• This sense uses as its organ the

olfactory cells in the nasal chambers located in the nose.

• This sense ranks low in cognitive value because sensations of smell and taste are often confused with each other.

• Sense of Smell


• Anatomy of Nose


• Also referred to as the Gustatory Sense

• Taste is determined by receptors, called taste buds, the number and shape of which may vary greatly between one person and another.

• Sense of Taste


• Human Taste Buds

Taste Buds


• Referred to as movement sense• Part of the Internal Sense Organs• Recent studies show a growing evidence

that a general background of kinesthetic sense goes along with what is called alertness.

• Kinesthetic (kinesthesia) Sense


• Part of the Internal Sense Organs• This sense makes it possible for us to

know whether we are falling or going up, rotating or standing still, going forward or backward or in the position of right side up or upside down, even if the other sense receptors are not stimulated

• The Static Sense


THE ENDChapter 2

chapter 2 business psychology

Self Improvement

business world

business psychology

business psychology

physiological factors

environmental factors

psychological factors

human development sense

mental characteristics