chapter 2 biological foundations and the brain. copyright © 1999 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc....
DESCRIPTION
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 Perspectives on Nature and Nurture Environment –all of the surrounding conditions and influences that affect the development of living things Nurture –an organism’s environmental experiences Nature –an organism’s biological inheritanceTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2
Biological Foundationsand the Brain
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2
The Genetic Perspective
• Chromosomes• threadlike structures located in the nucleus of each
human cell
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)• a complex molecule that contains genetic information
• Genes• short segments of DNA that are the units of heredity
information
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3
Perspectives on Natureand Nurture
• Environment– all of the surrounding conditions and influences
that affect the development of living things• Nurture
– an organism’s environmental experiences• Nature
– an organism’s biological inheritance
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4
Perspectives on Natureand Nurture
• Dominant-recessive genes principle– the principle that if one gene of a pair is
dominant and the other is recessive, the dominant gene exerts its effect, overriding the potential influence of the recessive gene. A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes of the pair are recessive
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5
The Evolutionary Perspective
• Natural selection– the evolutionary process that favors the
individuals within a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce in their particular environment
• Evolutionary psychology– emphasizes the roles of evolution and
psychological mechanisms in adaptive behavior
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6
The Nervous System
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7
The Nervous System
• Neurons• Central Nervous System (CNS)• Peripheral nervous system• Somatic nervous system• Autonomic nervous system
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8
The Nervous System
• Sympathetic nervous system– the division of the autonomic nervous system
that arouses the body• Parasympathetic nervous system
– the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9
Neural Transmission
• Afferent nerves– sensory nerves that carry information to the
brain• Efferent nerves
– motor nerves that carry the brain’s output• Interneurons
– CNS neurons that mediate sensory input and motor output
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10
Structure of the Neuron
• Cell body• Dendrite• Axon• Myelin sheath
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11
The Nerve Impulse
• Ions• Resting potential• Action Potential• All-or-none principle
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
• Synapses• Neurotransmitters
– dopamine– serotonin– endorphins
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13
The Central Nervous System
• Hindbrain– Medulla– Cerebellum– Pons
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14
The Central Nervous System
• Midbrain– Reticular Formation– Basal ganglia
• Forebrain– Thalamus– Hypothalamus
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15
The Central Nervous System
• Endocrine system– Hormones– Pituitary gland
• Limbic system– Amygdala– Hippocampus
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16
The Central Nervous System
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17
The Central Nervous System
• Cerebral Cortex (Cerebrum)– Occipital lobe– Temporal lobe– Frontal lobe– Parietal lobe
• Association cortex
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18
The Central Nervous System
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19
Split-Brain Research and theCerebral Hemisphere
• Split-brain research– Corpus Callosum
• Hemispheric specialization• His brain and her brain• Aphasia• Localization and integration of function
– phrenology
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20
Brain Damage, Plasticity,and Repair
• The brain’s plasticity and capacity for repair– collateral sprouting– substitution of function
• Brain tissue implants– the implantation of healthy tissue into damaged
brains
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21
Techniques for Studyingthe Brain
• Electroencephalograph (EEG)• Computer-assisted Axial Tomography
(CAT scan)• Positron-Emission Tomography (PET scan)• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)• Superconducting Quantum Interference
Device (SQUID)