chapter 2 atoms, molecules and ions. what is in an atom? name the three subparticles that make up an...
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PRACTICE PROBLEMSCalculate the # of protons, electrons, or neutrons for the following elements
Element Protons Electrons Neutrons
Nitrogen ( )
Silver ( )
Copper ( )
Sodium ( )
Mercury ( )
http://www.dayah.com/periodic/
Critical Thinking
1. Of the three subabomic particles, which one gives the identity to the element? WHY? Explain
2. List at least three facts about the Nucleus.
WEBQUEST!!
Today we are going to use the Internet to research the timeline of the discovery of the atom!
Nuclear Stability: Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
Nuclear reactions: Reactions that change in the _______________ _____________ and produce ____________________.
Three kinds of radiation occur: 1. 2. 3.
http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/radioactivity/radioactivity.html
Nuclear Stability
Almost all the atoms you encounter have a ______________ nuclei not ________________.
Radiation in __________________. What makes a nucleus unstable? Let’s see (and
think)…..Review: Nucleus is made up of ____________ and
_______________.Review: Positive charges _________________ each
other.
So why don’t the protons fly apart from the nucleus?
There is a strong force that overcomes the electrical repulsion known as the Strong ________________ force.
The neutron does _______________ experience and electrical repulsion because it has ______________ charge. It does however help in lessening the repulsion of the protons. The neutron is the glue that holds the nucleus together.
Elements between ______________ and ___________( ______________ to ____________) stable nuclei have ________________ number of protons and neutrons.
After _____________ protons the nucleus needs more ________________ to be stable.
After _____________ protons (_________________) no number of neutrons is sufficient to _________________ the nucleus together indefinitely. After #83 ________________.
Types of Decay
Radioactive elements emit different kinds of radiation
They are distinguished by their charge mass and _______________ power.
Charge and penetration power:Alpha (α)
A stream of high alpha particles which is made of 2 _____________ and 2 __________ (identical to the He+2 nucleus) __________________.
Does not have much _____________ power. Travel only a few _____________ and may
be stopped by paper or clothing
Charge and penetration power: Beta (β)
A stream of high speed ___________ . NOT the electrons that come from the orbital of the atom, the electron must come from the NUCLEUS.
A NEUTRON CHANGES INTO A ________________ (which remains in the nucleus) AND AN ___________.
The beta particle (or electron) is propelled out of the nucleus at _____________ speed.
Beta radiation is about 100 times more penetrating than alpha radiation. It can penetrate 1-2 millimeters into solid material.
MAY pass through ___________ and damage skin.
Charge and penetration power: Gamma (γ)
A very energetic form of light that our eyes ____________ see.
Does not consist of particles. Sybolized: It is able to penetrate deeply into a solid
material, including body tissue. VERY DANGEROUS.
Nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions: A reaction that keeps track of reactant’s components.
Alpha
Beta
The Molecule
Different Formulas: Molecular:
Empirical:
Structural
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Mole/EmpiricalFormula.html
http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch106-01/strform.htm
The ION
Cation:
Anion:
http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/PhysSci/pschem/ion/Ions.htm
http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/PhysSci/pschem/ion/Cations.htm
http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/PhysSci/pschem/ion/Anions.htm
Examples
Indicate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons for the following:
1. Sodium atom Sodium ion
Isotopes
H1 (hydrogen): ________p, ________e, ________n (99.9844%)
H2 (deutrerium):________p, ________e, ________n ( .0156%)
H3 (tritium): _________p, ________e, ________n (0.0004%)
http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/isotopes/
About The Periodic Table:Define These
Family/Group:
Period:
Main group elements
Characteristics of the periodic table:
CharacteristicsMetals Non-Metals
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/nonmetals.htm
http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/metals.htm
Names of compounds
. Monatomic cations: Take the name of the ______________ from which they are derived,
a. Na+ __________________ K+ ____________________
EXCEPT: Many _____________________ metals can form more than one type of cation. A ___________________________ is added to tell the difference.
a. Fe 2+ _________________ Fe 3+ __________________
Monatomic anions
Add the suffix _________ to the end of the stem from which they are derived.
a. N 3- _______________________
b. O 2- ____________________
c. S 2-___________________ (pg.43)
Polyatomic Ions
MEMORIZE THESE!NH4
+= NO3-= CO3
-2= SO4-2=
CH3COO-= BrO3-= CrO4
-2= PO4-3=
OH-= ClO3-= C2O4
-2= OCl-=
REVIEW
Ionic Compounds: (REVIEW: Ions are made up of a ______________ and a __________________.) First name the _____________________ then the ____________________.
Binary Molecular Coupounds: (REVIEW: Molecules are made up of a ______________ and a __________________.)
Rules for Naming molecules
Rules are the same as ionic compounds however, now include prefixes Mono is only for second element!!!
2.Prefixes:1= 6=2= 7=3= 8=4= 9=5= 10=
Mono is only for second element!!!
http://www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/~woodward/ch121/ch2_naming.htm
Flow Chart
If you are a visual person, this might make naming compounds easier:
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Nomenclature/HO6-Flowchart-Naming.pdf
Common names of molecules: Memorize these!
H2O Water PH3 Phosphine
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
AsH3 Arsine
NH3 Ammonia NO Nitric oxide
N2H4 Hydrazine N2O Nitrous oxide
C2H2 Acetylene CH4 Methane
Naming Acids
HCl (g) H+ (aq) Cl- (aq)
HBr (g) H+ (aq) Br-(aq)
HI (g) H+ (aq) I- (aq)
Certain binary molecular compounds that start with ________ form acids when combined with ____________.
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/compounds/slides/sld009.htm