chapter 1:ii the appearance of homo sapiens [image source:
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1:iiThe Appearance of Homo Sapiens
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The remains of Neanderthals
were first discovered in the Neander
Valley in Germany during the
A.D. 1850s.[Image source: http://www.neanderthal.de/e_thal/fs_3.htm]
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The Neander Tal was named for Joachim Neumann, a minister who lived in the late-17th century.
[Image source: http://www.neanderthal.de/e_thal/fs_3.htm]
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Neanderthals were probably the first Homo
sapiens.
[Image source: http://sciences.homepage.com/neander.htm]
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Neanderthals had stocky bodies with thick bones and very muscular
necks and shoulders.
[Image source: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/savage.html]
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Marcellin Boule
[Image source: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/boule.jpg]
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Neanderthals had brains that were slightly
larger than those of modern human beings.[Image source: http://www10.geocities.com/Athens/6293/hominid.html]
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The skillfully crafted stone
tools of Neanderthal were more
sophisticated than their
predecessors.[Source: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/savage.html]
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Neanderthals were nomadic hunter-gatherers who used fire for warmth,
cooking, and protection.
[Image source: http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/lifeways.html]
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Neanderthals lived in small groups of 35 to 50 people.
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Neanderthals wore heavy clothing made from animal skins to stay warm.
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Later Neanderthals built shelters out of branches and animal skins.
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Neanderthals are thought
to have practiced religion in the form of sympathetic
magic.
[Image source: http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/ritual.html]
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Neanderthals believed in an
afterlife, covering dead bodies with
flowers before burying them in shallow graves
with food, tools, and weapons.
[Image source: http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/ritual.html]
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[Source: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/savage.html]
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Homo sapiens sapiens
(“human who thinks”)
Many scientists believe these modern humans originated in Africa circa 50,000 years ago
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~homy/]
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Homo sapiens sapiens quickly came to dominate Africa, Asia, Europe, and the
Americas by 30,000 years ago.
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The earliest Homo sapiens sapiens in
Europe were called Cro-Magnons.
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Similar remains have been found in Africa and Asia.
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Cro-Magnons were taller and less robust than Neanderthals.
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Cro-Magnon man had
better technology and a more
sophisticated culture.
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Cro-Magnons survived by using effective hunting techniques . . .
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. . . and more efficient methods of gathering.
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[Image source: http://www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/ancienttech/food_prep_index.html]
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The blades of Cro-Magnon
tools were thinner and had sharper
cutting edges.
[Image source: http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/shamact.html]
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Cro-Magnons used bone, antler, and
ivory to make new tools.
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[Image source: http://www.gripclips.com/primitiveways/]
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Bone needles were used to sew fitted leather clothes.
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With the invention of the stone ax,
Cro-Magnons could chop down trees and fashion
canoes.[Imkage source: http://www.jchanning.com/stone.htm]
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Cro-Magon hunters invented
long-distance weapons,
such as the atlatl . . .
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. . . and bows and arrows.
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Co-operation in big game hunts probably led to the development
of rules and social classes.
[Image source: http://www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/ancienttech/communal_trapping.html]
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Some Cro-Magnons built temporary structures in which to live.
[Image source: http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/habitat/]
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Permanent homes emerged with the advent of better hunting techniques.
[Image source: http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/habitat/]
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The evidence for Cro-Magnon leaders comes from high-status burials.
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Cave paintings may have been for educational purposes.
[Image source: http://www-sor.inria.fr/~pierre/lascaux/ ]
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Cro-Magnon painters may have been creating images meant to have mystical
powers that would help hunters.
[Image source: http://www.unitedexhibits.com/diorama4.htm]
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[Image source: ttp://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/shaman.html]
Scientists believe that
Cro-Magnons employed
shamans as spiritual
leaders and healers.
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Many Neolithic societies believed in deities (gods and goddesses) that had the power to control the forces of nature.
(Source: Scientific American, December 1993, p. 117.)
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Some Paleolithic societies
worshipped fertility figures
thought to represent
Mother Earth.(Source: Scientific American, December 1993, p. 113.)
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Neolithic Revolution
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People domesticated animals for human purposes. They were used
for food, clothing, and work.
[Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/carte_domestication.htm]
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“When tillage begins, other arts follow. The farmers,
therefore, are the founders of human civilization.”
- Daniel Webster,“On Agriculture,”
13th January 1840.
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The Agricultural Revolution occurred when Neolithic peoples
domesticated a variety of wild plants and grew them for food.
[Image source:http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/carte_agriculture.htm]
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The steady supply of food allowed
people to become sedentary, but they had to work harder
and longer than hunters and gatherers.
[Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod5a.htm]
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Villages began to develop where there was fertile soil and water.
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Source: Military History Quarterly, volume I:3 (Spring 1989), p. 13.
The fabled city of Jericho started as a village over 10,000 years ago.
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The village of Çatal Hüyük dates from 7000 to 6000 B.C.
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Çatal Hüyük is located in southern present-day Turkey.
[Image source:http://faculty.juniata.edu/atwill/catalhuyuk.html]
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Çatal Hüyük was located near a source of obsidian (volcanic glass).
Obsidian can be fashioned into tools that keep a fine, hard edge.
[Image source: http://www.telesterion.com/catal2.htm]
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Çatal Hüyük was also a religious cult centre.
[Image source: http://faculty.juniata.edu/atwill/catalhuyuk.html]
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Reconstruction of a shrine, Level VI, CatalHuyuk, c. 5900 B.C. (After J. Mellart.)
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The people of Çatal Hüyük
are believed to have practiced fertility rites that included
offerings to an Earth-mother
goddess.[Image source: http://faculty.juniata.edu/atwill/catalhuyuk.html]
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The invention of the plow by Neolithic farmers made work both easier while increasing production.
[Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod7.htm]
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The sickle made it possible for one person to harvest large quantities of
grain by themselves.
[Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod7b.htm]
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Using a kern, or grinding stone, one person could prepare enough flour for the baking-needs of an
entire family.
[Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod7c.htm]
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The ability to harden
clay by baking it with heat
was a very important discovery. [Image source: http://www.gripclips.com/primitiveways/pt-photo_gallery1.html]
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[Image source: http://museum.agropolis.fr/pages/expos/fresque/zm_mod3.htm]
Ceramic storage vessels
for storing surplus food were created
from clay that had been fired
in kilns.
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Rectangular bricks of fired clay could also be used to construct buildings.
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Other technological advances during the Neolithic Period:
• loom for weaving• wheel
-transportation-pottery
• metallurgy• domestication of animals
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Shaman of old…?