chapter 19 world war i & beyond 1914-1920. section 1 from neutrality to war
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 19
World War I & Beyond1914-1920
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Section 1
From Neutrality to War
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Causes of the War
• Nationalism• Imperialism• Militarism • Alliances
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Nationalism
• Pride in one’s nation• Demanding freedom and self-government
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Imperialism
• Policy of powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries.
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Militarism
• The policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war.
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Alliances
• Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy, & Austria-Hungary (Central Powers)
• Triple Entente – France, Russia, & Britain ( Allies)
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand
• Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated by Gavrilo Princep of the Black Hand.
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Black Hand
• A Serbian terrorist group that wanted Bosnia to break away from Austria-Hungary and join Serbia.
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Timeline
• July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
• August 1: Germany declared war on Russia
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• August 3: Germany declared war on France
• August 4: Britain declared war on Germany
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Kaiser William II
• German emperor who promised his troops “you will be home before the leaves have fallen from the trees.”
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Central Powers
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, & the Ottoman Empire
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Allied Powers
• France, Britain, Russia, Italy & 20 other countries
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Stalemate
• A deadlock in which neither side is strong enough to defeat the other.
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Trench warfare
• Type of warfare in which each side creates a maze of trenches protected by barbed wire with a “no man’s land” in between.
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Battle of Verdun
• Lasted 10 months in 1916
• Germans lost 400,000 men
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Neutrality
• Policy of not taking sides in a conflict
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American Opinions of War
• 1. Isolationists – believed U.S. should isolate itself from the hostilities
• 2. Interventionists – believed the war impacted American interests & the U.S. should intervene on behalf of the Allies
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• 3. Internationalists – believed the U.S. should play an active role in world affairs & work toward peace without entering the war.
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Propaganda
• The spreading of ideas that help a cause or hurt an opposing cause.
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U-boats
• German submarines that attacked any ship entering or leaving British ports.
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Lusitania
• British passenger ship that was attacked on May 7, 1915 by a German submarine
• 128 Americans were among the 1200 dead
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Sussex Pledge
• Agreement made by the Germans to restrict its submarine campaign and have its submarines surface & give warning before attacking.
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Election of 1916
• Woodrow Wilson (Dem.)• Charles Evans Hughes (Rep.)
• Hughes was portrayed as a warmonger
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Warmonger
• Person who tries to stir up war
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Wilson’s slogan
• “He kept us out of the war!”
• Wilson received 49% of the popular vote & 277 electoral votes.
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Moving toward war – (Timeline con’t)
• 1917 – Germany warned that U-boats would have orders to sink any ship nearing Britain.
• Wilson broke off diplomatic relations with Germany.
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The Zimmerman Plot
• German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, sent a message to the minister in Mexico encouraging an attack on the U.S.
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U.S. enters the War (Timeline Con’t)
• April 2, 1917 – Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war.
• “The world must be made safe for democracy.”
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Section 2
The Home Front
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Selective Service Act
• May 18, 1917 – requiring all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft.
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Draft
• A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military.
• 24 million Americans registered for the draft; 2.8 million were drafted
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Council of National Defense
• Formed in 1916 to create new federal administrative agencies to oversee different phases of the war effort
• Food production; coal & petroleum distribution; railway use
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Food Administration
• To boost food production• Herbert Hoover was
appointed as director.• “Food Will Win the War”• Wheat-less Monday, Meat-
less Tuesday, victory gardens
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War Industries Board
• Told factories what they had to produce
• Provided for the sharing of limited resources
• Decided prices
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Committee on Public Information
• Created to educate the public about the causes and nature of the war as well as to convince Americans the war effort was a just cause
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Section 3
Wilson, War & Peace
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• March 1918 • Russia & Germany end Russian participation in the war.
• Large amounts of land ceded to Ger.
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“peace offensive”
• Germany’s plan of an all-out attack of Allied forces in hopes of ending the war.
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Gen. John J. Pershing
• Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces which arrived in France in June 1917
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Battle of Belleau Wood
• 1st major battle for American troops (June 1918)
• Lasted three weeks• Great American casualties before victory
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Battle of the Argonne Forest
• Began September 26, 1918 as the last Allied offensive.
• 47 days of fighting• Americans suffered more than 100,000 casualties.
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Sgt. Alvin York
• Killed 24 German soldiers & had 132 more surrender to him.
• Most decorated American soldier of the war.
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Armistice
• An agreement to stop fighting
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2 conditions for armistice
• 1. Germany must accept Wilson’s plan for peace.
• 2. The German Kaiser must abdicate (give up power).
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(Timeline con’t)
• November 9, 1918 – the German Kaiser resigned.
• Germany became a republic & the new leader agreed to the terms of the armistice.
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November 11, 1918
• WWI ended at 11a.m.• Between 8 & 9 million people died in battle
• Germany lost about 2 million men – The U.S. lost over 200,000.
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Fourteen Points
• President Wilson’s peace plan to prevent international problems from causing another war.
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• End secret agreements• Freedom of the seas, free trade, arms limitations
• Self-determination: the right of national groups to have their own territory & forms of government.
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League of Nations
• A general association of nations whose job it would be to protect the independence of all countries.
• 14th point in Wilson’s plan
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Big Four
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.• David Lloyd George – Britain
• Georges Clemenceau – France
• Vittorio Orlando - Italy
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Reparations
• Payments of money for losses suffered during war.
• Germany would pay over $300 billion in reparations.
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Treaty of Versailles
• June 1919 – treaty following WWI in which Germany took full blame for the war.
• German military was severely limited.
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• Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia were formed
• Poland was given its independence