chapter 19: the cardiovascular system: the blood · pdf filered blood cell death and...
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular
System: The Blood
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Blood
Liquid connective tissue
1. Transportation - Gases,
nutrients, hormones, and
waste.
2. Regulation - pH, body
temperature, and blood
pressure.
3. Protection – Clotting and white
blood cells.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Blood
Blood plasma – water liquid
extracellular matrix
91.5% water, 8.5% proteins
Hepatocytes make most plasma
proteins (like antibodies)
Other solutes include electrolytes,
nutrients, enzymes, hormones,
gases and waste products
Blood breakdown
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Elements of Blood
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Formation of Blood Cells
Hemopoiesis: making
RBC’s. They are made in
the bone marrow using
pluripotent stem cells.
Hemoglobin – oxygen
carrying protein in RBC.
No nucleus or mitochondria!
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Red Blood Cells
RBC life cycle
Live only about 120 days
Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation and destroyed by macrophages in spleen and liver
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
1
Globin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Heme2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Heme
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Heme
4
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Liver
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
FerritinHeme
54
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
FerritinHeme
654
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+Globin
+Vitamin B12
+Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
FerritinHeme Fe3+
7
654
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Circulation for about
120 days
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+Globin
+Vitamin B12
+Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
FerritinHeme Fe3+
8
7
654
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Circulation for about
120 days
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+Globin
+Vitamin B12
+Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
FerritinHeme
Biliverdin Bilirubin
Fe3+
9
8
7
654
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Circulation for about
120 days
Bilirubin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+Globin
+Vitamin B12
+Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
FerritinHeme
Biliverdin Bilirubin
Fe3+
10
9
8
7
654
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Stercobilin
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Feces
Small
intestine
Circulation for about
120 days
Bacteria
Bilirubin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+Globin
+Vitamin B12
+Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
FerritinHeme
Biliverdin Bilirubin
Fe3+
12
1110
9
8
7
654
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Urine
Stercobilin
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Feces
Small
intestine
Circulation for about
120 days
Bacteria
Bilirubin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+Globin
+Vitamin B12
+Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Kidney
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Urobilin
Heme
Biliverdin Bilirubin
Fe3+
1312
1110
9
8
7
654
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesisGlobin
Urine
Stercobilin
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Feces
Large
intestine
Small
intestine
Circulation for about
120 days
Bacteria
Bilirubin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+Globin
+Vitamin B12
+Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Kidney
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Urobilin
Heme
Biliverdin Bilirubin
Fe3+
14
1312
1110
9
8
7
654
3
2
1
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Erythropoiesis
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
General function to combat invaders by
phagocytosis or immune responses
Have nuclei
Do not contain hemoglobin
Lymphocytes live for years.
Other WBC’s live for a few days.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Types of White Blood Cells
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
WBCs
Neutrophils respond most quickly to tissue damage by
bacteria.
Monocytes take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers
and destroy more microbes. These turn into macrophages.
Both are phagocytes – eat other cells.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
WBCs
Basophils release granules containing histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation. This Intensifies the inflammatory reaction. But can cause allergies.
Eosinophils phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against parasites.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are the major soldiers of the immune system
B cells – destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins
T cells – attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells and some
bacteria.
Natural Killer (NK) cells – attack a wide variety of infectious
microbes and certain tumor cells
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Emigration of WBCs
Many WBCs leave the
bloodstream
Emigration
Stick to and then squeeze
between endothelial cells
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Platelets
Help stop blood loss by forming
platelet plug
Megakaryocyte – makes platelets
1
2
3
Red blood cell
Platelet
Collagen fibers
and damaged
endothelium
Liberated ADP,
serotonin, and
thromboxane A2
Platelet plug
Platelet adhesion1
Platelet release reaction2
Platelet aggregation3
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ABO Blood Group Type A blood has
only antigen A
Type B blood has
only antigen B
Type AB blood has
antigens A and B
Universal recipients
Type O blood has
neither antigen
Universal donor
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ABO Blood Group
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hemolytic Disease
Rh blood group
People whose RBCs have the Rh antigen are Rh+
People who lack the Rh antigen are Rh-
Normally, blood plasma does not contain anti-RH antibodies
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) – if blood from Rh+ fetus contacts Rh-mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies made
Affect is on second Rh+ baby
Test Review
Google: Anatomy and Physiology Online Quiz
Ch.19: 20, 22-27, 34-36.
Ch.20: 6,8,10.
Ch.21: 1,7,10.
Ch.22: 1,5,7,8,13,20,22,25,26.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reflection
Chemicals such as benzene can destroy red bone marrow,
causing aplastic anemia. What symptoms would you expect
to develop as a result of the lack of:
1. red blood cells
2. platelets
3. leukocytes
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.