chapter 19, section 4 changes in central and eastern europe
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 19, Section 4
Chapter 19, Section 4
Changes in Central and Eastern EuropeChanges in Central and Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe During Gorbachev
Eastern Europe During Gorbachev
• Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary are the first countries to in Eastern Europe to revolt against the Soviet Union
•During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union dealt with uprisings in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia by crushing uprisings with military force
• Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary are the first countries to in Eastern Europe to revolt against the Soviet Union
•During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union dealt with uprisings in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia by crushing uprisings with military force
Imre Nagy and HungaryImre Nagy and Hungary• In 1956, in response to uprisings and
protests, Hungarian leader, Imre Nagy, declared Hungary a free nation
• Nagy withdrew Hungary from Warsaw Pact• Nikita Khrushchev sends in troops and
crushes the uprising • Soviets arrest Nagy, secretly charged him
with organizing the overthrow of the communist party in Hungary
• Nagy is found guilty and hanged in June 1958
• Khrushchev had Nagy executed, “as a lesson to all other leaders in socialist countries”
• In 1956, in response to uprisings and protests, Hungarian leader, Imre Nagy, declared Hungary a free nation
• Nagy withdrew Hungary from Warsaw Pact• Nikita Khrushchev sends in troops and
crushes the uprising • Soviets arrest Nagy, secretly charged him
with organizing the overthrow of the communist party in Hungary
• Nagy is found guilty and hanged in June 1958
• Khrushchev had Nagy executed, “as a lesson to all other leaders in socialist countries”
Alexander Dubcek and Czechoslovakia
Alexander Dubcek and Czechoslovakia
•Alexander Dubchek was made first secretary of the Communist party in Czechoslovakia
•Allowing freedom of speech was the reform Dubchek made in reaction to rebellions in Czechoslovakia
•Alexander Dubchek was made first secretary of the Communist party in Czechoslovakia
•Allowing freedom of speech was the reform Dubchek made in reaction to rebellions in Czechoslovakia
Dubcek & his “Prague Spring”
Dubcek & his “Prague Spring”
•Dubchek became leader of Czechoslovakia after communist leader resigned
•He attempted to reform Czech through his policy known as the Prague Spring
• Prague Spring Reforms-– Loosening restrictions on travel,
speech, and media– Country will be split into two
democratic republics: The Czech Republic & Slovakia
•Dubchek became leader of Czechoslovakia after communist leader resigned
•He attempted to reform Czech through his policy known as the Prague Spring
• Prague Spring Reforms-– Loosening restrictions on travel,
speech, and media– Country will be split into two
democratic republics: The Czech Republic & Slovakia
Brezhnev Doctrine & Czechoslovakia
Brezhnev Doctrine & Czechoslovakia
• By giving his countries, The Czech Republic & Slovakia, democratic (capitalist) reforms…Dubchek went against the Brezhnev Doctrine
•Brezhnev Doctrine- When a socialist (communist) country turns to capitalism (or democracy), it becomes a problem and concern for all communist countries
• By giving his countries, The Czech Republic & Slovakia, democratic (capitalist) reforms…Dubchek went against the Brezhnev Doctrine
•Brezhnev Doctrine- When a socialist (communist) country turns to capitalism (or democracy), it becomes a problem and concern for all communist countries
• Brezhnev orders the Warsaw Pact to attack Czechoslovakia in 1968
• 200,000 troops and 2,000 tanks enter the Czech Republic & Slovakia
• 72 Czechs and Slovakians were killed, 266 severely injured, 436 wounded
Lenoid Brezhnev
Alexander Dubchek
Czechoslovakia in 1968Czechoslovakia in 1968
• In 1968,– Prague Spring began as a writers
protest– Hard-line Communist leader resigned
and was replaced by one more open to democratic reform
– A new leader (Alexander Ducheck) instituted reforms allowing for greater freedom of speech and the press
– Soviets reestablished control and restored hard-line communists to power
• In 1968,– Prague Spring began as a writers
protest– Hard-line Communist leader resigned
and was replaced by one more open to democratic reform
– A new leader (Alexander Ducheck) instituted reforms allowing for greater freedom of speech and the press
– Soviets reestablished control and restored hard-line communists to power
Lech Walesa and PolandLech Walesa and Poland• Lech Walesa was the union leader of
the Polish worker union known as Solidarity
• His union went on strike which forced the Polish communist government of Poland to recognize his union’s demands
• Lech Walesa becomes a national hero and eventually president of democratic Poland
• Lech Walesa was the union leader of the Polish worker union known as Solidarity
• His union went on strike which forced the Polish communist government of Poland to recognize his union’s demands
• Lech Walesa becomes a national hero and eventually president of democratic Poland
Lech Walesa
Chapter 19, Section 3
Chapter 19, Section 3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
The PolitburoThe Politburo• It the most powerful law-making
body in the Soviet Union• Was the ruling committee of the
Communist Party• Politburo means “Political Bureau”
or leading party• Started by Lenin in 1917
• It the most powerful law-making body in the Soviet Union
• Was the ruling committee of the Communist Party
• Politburo means “Political Bureau” or leading party
• Started by Lenin in 1917
Mikhail GorbachevMikhail Gorbachev• After Brezhnev died, people were
wondering who was going to succeed him
• Mikhail Gorbachev gains support bc of his “youth, energy, and political skills”
• He pursues new ideas for running the Soviet Union
• After Brezhnev died, people were wondering who was going to succeed him
• Mikhail Gorbachev gains support bc of his “youth, energy, and political skills”
• He pursues new ideas for running the Soviet Union
Leonid Brezhnev v. Mikhail Gorbachev
Leonid Brezhnev v. Mikhail Gorbachev
• Prior communist leaders created a totalitarian state (they had total control over peoples public and private lives)
• They rewarded silence and obedience to them and the country and punished those that spoke out
• Gorbachev believed that social reforms could not occur without free flow of ideas
• That’s where he came up with the idea of glasnost
• Prior communist leaders created a totalitarian state (they had total control over peoples public and private lives)
• They rewarded silence and obedience to them and the country and punished those that spoke out
• Gorbachev believed that social reforms could not occur without free flow of ideas
• That’s where he came up with the idea of glasnost
Gorbachev brings Gorbachev brings
changechange
• Glasnost- openness. Encouraging Glasnost- openness. Encouraging the free flow of ideas & information. the free flow of ideas & information. Basically Freedom of press and Basically Freedom of press and religion.religion.
• Examples- Examples- – books not banned any longer, reporters books not banned any longer, reporters
could criticize the government could criticize the government Churches are reopened, people can now Churches are reopened, people can now choose own religionchoose own religion
– Prisoners put in jail for political reasons Prisoners put in jail for political reasons now releasednow released
• In response to glasnost, there was In response to glasnost, there was decreased censorship, the release decreased censorship, the release of political dissidents, and criticism of political dissidents, and criticism of the government by the mediaof the government by the media
GlasnostGlasnost
• Democratization-opening of Democratization-opening of political system political system
• Example- Example- – people now choose from a list who to people now choose from a list who to
vote for vote for – also a parliament was created also a parliament was created
•parliament= a group of people that parliament= a group of people that represent the entire people of Russia, represent the entire people of Russia, vote on laws, etcvote on laws, etc
• The reforms that led to The reforms that led to democratization of the Soviet democratization of the Soviet Union was begun by Mikhail Union was begun by Mikhail GorbachevGorbachev
DemocratizationDemocratization
• Perestroika- economic Perestroika- economic restructuring. A change from restructuring. A change from communism to capitalismcommunism to capitalism
• Its purpose: To revive the Soviet Its purpose: To revive the Soviet economyeconomy
• Example- Example- – people could now open small, people could now open small,
private businesses and keep private businesses and keep money they make from itmoney they make from it
PerestroikaPerestroika
Lithuania defies Gorbachev
Lithuania defies Gorbachev• Gorbachev’s reforms caused the USSR to loosen
its hold on their satellite (communist) Eastern European countries– Some of these nations begin to declare
independence• Lithuania was the first of these satellite nations
– it boldly declared its independence• Gorbachev, feared that if he allows one satellite
country to get away and declare independence from the Soviet Union, others would try too
• He sends in troops to stop Lithuania
• Gorbachev’s reforms caused the USSR to loosen its hold on their satellite (communist) Eastern European countries– Some of these nations begin to declare
independence• Lithuania was the first of these satellite nations
– it boldly declared its independence• Gorbachev, feared that if he allows one satellite
country to get away and declare independence from the Soviet Union, others would try too
• He sends in troops to stop Lithuania
• The August Coup was the military action that accelerated the fall of the Soviet Union
• Economic problems and the Lithuanian incident causes Gorbachev to lose popularity
• Economic problems were caused by the Soviet Union supplying their communist nations with weapons and money during the Cold War, also funding the Afghanistan war cost a LOT of money
• The August Coup was the military action that accelerated the fall of the Soviet Union
• Economic problems and the Lithuanian incident causes Gorbachev to lose popularity
• Economic problems were caused by the Soviet Union supplying their communist nations with weapons and money during the Cold War, also funding the Afghanistan war cost a LOT of money
August CoupAugust Coup
• Hardliners detain Gorbachev at his vacation home on Black Sea
• They ask for his resignation• Boris Yeltsin was a popular
parliament member• Appeals to Soviet troops to not
support hardliners• Military listens and leaves the
hardliners coup
Significance of August Coup
• The outcome of the August Coup is that the Communist Party is taken out of power over the Soviet Union
• Gorbachev leaves office, Yeltsin comes in and becomes president
• Soviet Union begins to break up• Countries under Soviet control
quickly declare independence• Soviet Union goes back to being
called Russia
Soviet Union CollapsesSoviet Union Collapses•Why did it collapse in the 1980s
and early 1990s? – Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms– August Coup– Reagan’s SDI program – Major reason: the struggling soviet
command economy could not keep up with a Western free-market system
•Why did it collapse in the 1980s and early 1990s? – Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms– August Coup– Reagan’s SDI program – Major reason: the struggling soviet
command economy could not keep up with a Western free-market system
