chapter 19 reading quiz optical instruments -...
TRANSCRIPT
• The thin-lens equation
• The camera
• The human eye
• The magnifier
• The microscope
Chapter 19
Optical Instruments
Topics:
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• The microscope
• The telescope
• Resolution of optical instruments
Sample question:
This anablepsis is called the “fourhalf of its eye differ from the lower half so that it has clear vision
both above and below the waterline at the same time?
is called the “four-eyed fish.” How must the top half of its eye differ from the lower half so that it has clear vision
both above and below the waterline at the same time?
Slide 19-1
Reading Quiz
1. The units of refractive power are
A. watts.
B. m2.
C. m–1.
D. joules.
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The units of refractive power are
Slide 19-2
1. The units of refractive power are
C. m–1.
Answer
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The units of refractive power are
Slide 19-3
Reading Quiz
2. Accommodation of the eye refers to its ability to
A. focus on both nearby and distant objects.
B. move in the eye socket to look in different directions.
C. see on both the brightest days and in the dimmest light.
D. see both in air and while under water
Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
of the eye refers to its ability to
focus on both nearby and distant objects.
move in the eye socket to look in different directions.
see on both the brightest days and in the dimmest light.
see both in air and while under water
Slide 19-4
2. Accommodation of the eye refers to its ability to
A. focus on both nearby and distant objects.
Answer
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of the eye refers to its ability to
focus on both nearby and distant objects.
Slide 19-5
Reading Quiz
3. The magnification of a microscope is increased when
A. the focal length of the objective lens is increased.
B. the focal length of the objective lens is decreased.
C. the focal length of the eyepiece is increased.
D. the distance between the objective lens and eyepiece is decreased.
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The magnification of a microscope is increased when
the focal length of the objective lens is increased.
the focal length of the objective lens is decreased.
the focal length of the eyepiece is increased.
the distance between the objective lens and eyepiece is
Slide 19-6
3. The magnification of a microscope is increased when
C. the focal length of the eyepiece is increased.
Answer
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The magnification of a microscope is increased when
the focal length of the eyepiece is increased.
Slide 19-7
4. The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by
A. the accuracy to which lenses can be polished.
B. the fact that white light is composed of all visible colors.
C. the fact that all types of glass have nearly the same index
of refraction.
D. the wave nature of light.
Reading Quiz
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The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by
the accuracy to which lenses can be polished.
the fact that white light is composed of all visible colors.
the fact that all types of glass have nearly the same index
Slide 19-8
4. The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by
D. the wave nature of light.
Answer
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The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by
Slide 19-9
The Thin-Lens Equation
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1
s+
1
s
Thin-lens equation (also works for mirrors)
relating object and image distance to focal length
1
′s=
1
f
lens equation (also works for mirrors)
relating object and image distance to focal length
Slide 19-10
Sign Conventions for Lenses and Mirrors
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Sign Conventions for Lenses and Mirrors
Slide 19-11
The Camera
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Focusing a Camera
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A digital image is made up of millions of
Digital Cameras
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A CCD chip records the digital image.
A digital image is made up of millions of pixels.
Slide 19-14
The Human Eye
Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-15
Focusing and Accommodation
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Focusing and Accommodation
Slide 19-16
Myopia and Hyperopia
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Correcting Myopia
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Apparent Size
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The Magnifier
Largest angular size
without a magnifier is
θ0 ≈h
25 cm
With a magnifier, the angular size is
θ0 ≈h
f
The magnification is thus
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M =θ
θ0
=25 cm
f
The magnification is thus
Slide 19-20
The Microscope
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The Microscope
M = M oM e =
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= −L
f0
25 cm
fe
Slide 19-22
The Telescope
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M = −f0
fe
Slide 19-23
Lens Aberrations: Spherical Aberration
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The Hubble space telescope originally suffered from spherical aberration.
Lens Aberrations: Spherical Aberration
Slide 19-24
Chromatic Aberration
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Resolution and the Wave Nature of Light
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Resolution and the Wave Nature of Light
Slide 19-26
Rayleigh’s Criterion
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Two objects are resolvable if their angular separation is greater than
θ1 =1.22λ
D
Two objects are resolvable if their angular separation is greater than
Slide 19-27
The Resolution of a Microscope
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Resolving power RP
Numerical apertur
The Resolution of a Microscope
P = dmin =0.61λ0
NA
re NA = nsinφ0
Slide 19-28
Optical and Electron Micrographs of
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Optical and Electron Micrographs of e. coli
Slide 19-29