CHAPTER 19Europe Expands Overseas

“Imperialism”

What is imperialism? The extension of power by one country

over another country.

Why might a country want to exercise power over another?

Was imperialism good or bad? For the countries with power? For the countries being dominated?

Extension of European Culture

Emigrant – departure

Immigrant – arrival

U.S. expands westward Louisiana Purchase 1803

800,000 square miles west of the Miss. River.

Almost doubled the size of the U.S.

U.S. expands westward Southwestern U.S.

Mexican-American War 1846-1848Gold in California 1849Alaska purchased 1867Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines

(conquest)

Another kind of expansion U.S. expanded in number of people with

suffrage Universal manhood suffrage

Sectional Differences North: urban, industrial, favored high

tariffs, little slavery, desire to develop the west to open more markets

South: rural, agrarian, opposed to high tariffs, slavery, desire for west to allow slavery to balance representation in Congress

Period of compromise (1820-1850)

Industrial Expansion Causes of rapid industrial expansion

(North)Hardworking American spiritAbundance of raw materialsNew inventionsExpansion of railroadsLarge labor force (immigrants)

Isolation in Foreign Affairs Monroe Doctrine: Once the Latin

American nations had become independent from their “mother countries,” they European powers were not to be allowed to “recolonize” in the western hemisphere.

Isolation to Imperialism (U.S.) Trade agreements Spanish-American War

Cuban independencePuerto Rico – a U.S. possessionThe Philippines – a U.S. possession until

1948.

Isolation to Imperialism (U.S.) Intervention in Dominican Republic Intervention in Haiti Intervention in Columbia/Panama Roosevelt Corollary: U.S. claims the

right to intervene in Latin American countries to “help” them get their affairs in order.

British Colonies granted independence Late 19th Century: “The sun never sets

on the British Empire.”

British Colonies granted independence Canada

Seven Years’ War – British took French territory

Quebec Act 1774 – British granted French Canadians the right to keep their language, law, customs, and Roman Catholic religion.

British North America Act 1867 – created a Canadian federation of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

British Colonies granted independence Australia

Captain James CookPenal colonyCheap land, gold, wool industry1901 Commonwealth of Australia formed

British Colonies granted independence New Zealand

Escaped convicts from penal colonies in Australia

Deserters from naval and merchant vesselsMaoris – Native New Zealanders1907 New Zealand was allowed to govern

itself.

British Colonies granted independence South Africa

Dutch colonists “Boers”South Africa taken by Britain during the

Napoleonic WarsBoers flee and form Transvaal & Orange

Free StateDiamondsBoer War (1899-1902): Boers v. BritishUnite in 1910 as part of British empire

Latin American independence Latin America

8 million square milesLarger than U.S. & Canada combinedHomes of major Amerindian civilizationsSpanish & Portuguese dominated

Latin American independence Why is it called “Latin” America?

Latin American independence Tightly controlled by rulers appointed by

the kings of Spain & Portugal Peninsulares – Spaniards born and

raised in Spain (arrogant rulers) Criollos – Spaniards born in the New

World (resentment) Mestizos – Those of mixed

Spanish/Indian blood (abused) Blacks – Of African ancestry (abused)

Latin American independence Triggers for revolt

Discontent with Spain & Portugal (political/economic)

Influence of Locke, Voltaire, RousseauExample of North American independenceNapoleonic Wars in Europe

Latin American independence Simon Bolivar – “The Liberator” led the

freedom movement in Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador

Jose de San Martin – helped liberate Chile and Peru with help of Argentina

Dom Pedro - Brazil

Pattern of independence in Latin America Gain independence Leaders fight among themselves Military leaders (caudillos) take power Dictatorship

Obstacles to self-government in Latin America Political Instability – little experience with

self-rule Monopoly of land and wealth by a few –

no strong middle class Power influence of Roman Catholic

Church – land and education, politics Racial disunity – whites, blacks, Indians,

mixed ancestry

Obstacles to self-government in Latin America Squabbling among countries – border

wars Economic weakness – agricultural

economies, little industry European & U.S. interference in Latin

American affairs – Mexico, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Colombia, etc.

Extension of European Power

Question: In the 16th and 17th centuries, why did countries seek to gain colonies?

Answer: Mercantilist nations wanted colonies from which to gain natural resources and new markets so they could produce more products and sell them for gold.

What is imperialism? The extension of power by one country

over another country.

Imperialism led to fierce rivalries which would eventually lead to World War I.

Four Reasons for Imperialism 1. Expansion of industrialism -

demand for raw materials & new markets

2. Intense nationalism (1870-1914) 3. Humanitarianism – “share the fruit of

western culture,” arrogant 4. Spread of Christian missions

Imperialism in Asia

India Seven Years’ War – India sided with

France, British win. British East India Company rules &

dominates India. Sepoy Mutiny – Native Indian troops

working for the British East India Company revolt 1857.

British government takes control of Indian affairs.

India British East India Company – not

friendly toward missionaries William Carey – “Father of Modern

Missions” The British East India Company didn’t

want the Indians to get ideas about equality and liberty from the Christian teachings, so they tried to exclude them.

William Carey – Father of Modern Missions Expect great

things from God.Attempt great things for God.

Some Benefits of British Colonialism in India Improved sanitation & medical care Built roads & railroads Built factories Brought western thought & culture As a result, Indians began to desire self-

government.

Imperialism in China Manchu Dynasty – closed China (except

Canton) to foreigners Britain wanted to trade. Opium Wars – British sell opium to

China in exchange for tea and silks; China resists.

Treaty of Nanking 1842 – British take Hong Kong and open some Chinese ports to trade.

Imperialism in China Extraterritoriality – Westerners who

break Chinese law are tried in western courts, not Chinese.

The proud and independent Chinese are NOT happy.

Imperialism in China Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 - Japan

takes land from China. Boxer Rebellion – Chinese seek to rid

themselves of western influences.Attack missionaries, diplomats,

businessmen.

Imperialism in China Hudson Taylor

China Inland MissionAdopt Chinese cultureSpeak ChineseDress ChineseReach Chinese with

the gospel

Imperialism in Japan Commodore

Matthew Perry, 1853 Demands Japan

open its ports under threat of assault by U.S. warships.

Gives the Japanese 6 months to respond to his ultimatum.

Tokugawa Shogun

Treaty of Kanagawa First treaty Japan

ever signed with a Western nation.

Meiji Period (1868-1912) Japan westernized & industrializes.

Western constitution

Japan expands Japan began to

compete with western nations for territory & influence in Asia.

War with China 1894-1895

War with Russia 1905-1905

Imperialism in SE Asia Independent: Siam (Thailand) Dutch: DEI (Indonesia) France: Indochina (Vietnam, Laos,

Cambodia) British: Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma (See map page 506)

Imperialism in Africa

What were the three major African civilizations before 1500?MaliSonghaiGhana

Imperialism in Africa From trading partners to subjects A mixture of exploitation and

humanitarian impulseSlave tradeChristian missions

Which European country began the slave trade by taking Africans to Europe?Portugal

When and where were slaves first used on a large scale?After Spaniards arrived in Latin AmericaSlaves were initially Indians.Then black slaves from AfricaBecame common in the New WorldTraders from many nations

Slave Trade Most trading between 1700-1850 (80%) 9.5 million African slaves Most from west Africa Captured by enemy tribes & sold to

traders Sold to pay tribute Slave raids on villages

Slave Trade Triangular Trade

Molasses, Rum, Slaves

Branded¼ to ½ survived the

voyage

Missions David Livingstone – African interior

Preached the gospelExplored Africa’s interiorWanted to end the slave tradeInspired many others to go to Africa as

missionaries

Missions Mary Slessor

Calabar, West AfricaSpread the gospelHelped stopped the custom of killing

newborn twinsTook the Gospel message to cannibal

villagesThirty-nine years of service

David Livingstone

Mary Slessor with children

Imperialism in Africa Between 1880 and 1914, European

powers raced for African territory. By the beginning of WWII in 1914, only

Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent.

British Dominion Britain – Suez Canal Took control of Egypt

Imperialism in Africa Cecil John Rhodes – “the empire

builder” Advanced British interests in Africa Wanted British control of Africa from

“Cape to Cairo”Rhodesia (today Zambia & Zimbabwe)Rhodes Scholarship

Imperialism in Africa France – controlled northern and much

of western Africa French Foreign Legion

Imperialism in Africa Belgium – Congo, Central Africa Germany – German East Africa

(Tanzania)

Imperialism in the Balkans & Middle East Decline of Ottoman Empire Russia – control straits from Black Sea

to Mediterranean

Imperialism in the Balkans & Middle East Crimean War 1854-1856 Russia – Afghanistan & Persia to

Persian Gulf British intervene. Anglo-Russian Entente 1907 -- Divided

Persia into 3 zones, British influence remained in Afghanistan.

Russia – Manchuria (lost in Russo-Japanes War 1905)

Imperialism Bad or Good? Exploitation Greed Abused peoples Divided people

groups

Produced strife Looked down on

native cultures Created resentment

toward western nations

Imperialism Bad or Good? Road and railroads Democratic

government systems

Civil order Attitudes of social

and political equality Schools and

colleges Orphanages

Hospitals, medical clinics

Modernization Human rights Missionary efforts Written languages Bible translation