Chapter 18

Part 1Pages 602-608

Terms to know• United Nations• Satellite Nations• Containment• Iron Curtain• Cold War• Truman Doctrine• Marshall Plan• Berlin Air Lift• NATO

The Cold War 1945-1991

• Conflict between the U.S. and the USSR• Fought indirectly through other nations

• Though Allies during WWII• Much distrust…even during the war• The Nations were very different

The USSR

• Stalin: a Totalitarian Dictator

• Used terror and secret police to keep people in line

• Killed as many as 10 million Soviet citizens while trying to increase power and production

Communist Russia

• One-Party political system

• The Government controlled all economic activity…no private Property

• Stalin’s 5-Year Plans

The U.S.

• Capitalism

• 2-Party system

• Voting for political leaders in Congress and the presidency

Mutual Distrust…Stalin’s POV

• The U.S. had not recognized the USSR until 1933

• Stalin believed Lend-Lease supplies could have come sooner

• Stalin believed that w(D-Daye could have opened up a Western front sooner (D-Day)

• Stalin believed that because were were allies, the U.S. should have shared secrets of the atomic bomb with Russia

Mutual Distrust The U.S. POV

• Stalin had gone back on his word about free elections in Europe

• The Soviet Union continued to call on workers all over the world to revolt and establish communist states

The United Nations

• A new world organization designed to maintain peace and respect human rights

• All great powers had agreed to this during the war conferences

• 50 nations met to draw up the UN charter• Established in San Francisco June 1945

But

• Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union used the UN in order to influence the other countries to take sides between them during the Cold War

The United Nations

• The General Assembly • The Security council• Secretariat• The International Court of Justice• The Trusteeship Council• The Economic and Social Council

The Secretary General

• The most Prominent official• Agencies: • The World Health Organization• The Atomic Energy Commission• The International Monetary Fund• NICEF• Others

Real Power in the UN

• The Security Council

• 5 Permanent Members: The U.S., England, France, the USSR, China

• Permanent members had veto power

• 10 others on a rotating basis for 2-year terms

The Security Council

• Could impose sanctions:• Diplomatic• Economic• Military

Goals: the USSR

• The Soviets wanted to rebuild Europe using Eastern European resources and industry

• The Soviets wanted to establish communism in all of Europe

• The Soviets wanted to keep control of Eastern Europe (no free elections)

• The Soviets wanted to keep Germany divided

Goals: The U.S.

• To rebuild Europe with American resources and industry

• To foster democracy there…self-determination

• To rebuild western economies so they could buy our stuff

• To reunite Germany

Eastern Europe

• By 1946 the Soviets had established one-party communist governments in Eastern Europe

• Satellite Nations (aka the Eastern Bloc):

• Albania BulgariaCzechoslovakia

• Hungary Romania Poland

Early in 1946

• Stalin gave a speech: Communism and capitalism were incompatible and war is inevidible

• Yugoslavia: a special case• A communist state led by Tito• Not alligned with the Soviet Union

Truman

• Background:• Fought in WWI• First Presient in 50 years to NOT have a college

education• Failed at business• Rose in Missouri politics as State Stnator• Vice President • “The Buck Stops Here”

Containment

• We knew that we could not wipe communism off of the face of the earth

• BUT we might contain it (prevent its spread)

• The Truman Doctrine: The United States would come to the aid of free peoples resisting armed agression

Containment will be a factor in

• Western Europe• Berlin• Greece and Turkey• China, the Philippines and Korea• Southeast Asia: Vietnamn• Cuba

The Iron Curtain

• From a speech given by Churchill• Referred to the division of Eastern and

Western Europe

• Stalin called the speech a call to war

Greece and Turkey

• Russia wanted a foothold in the Mediterranian• Threatened Greece and Turkey• The Brits had been sending aid but were out

of money

• The U.S. sent $400 million to Greece and Turkey between 1947-1950

• The USSR backed off

Western Europe

• The economy was in ruins• American cigarettes were being used as

currency

• Electricity was on ony 3 hours a day• The coldest winter in a century• Many displaced people

Communism has appeal

• The U.S. was afraid that Western European countries would give up on capitalism and adopt communism

The Marshall Plan

• George Marshall was Truman’s Sec of State

• Between 1948 and 1952 the United States pumped $13 billion to 26 countries

• An economic miracle• What was in it for us?

Germany

• Germany was divided into 4 sectors controlled by: England, France, the U.S. and the USSR

• England, France and the U.S. combined their sections and called it The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) or West Germany

• The Soviet section was called the German Democratic Republic (GDR) or East Germany

Berlin

• Berlin was the capital of Germany and was divided into sections like Germany was

• The Soviets were bleeding reparations from East Germany and East Berlin

• Folks were leaving East Berlin at a rate of 200 per day

West Berliners

• Traded with West Germany• Roads connedted West Berlin to West

Germany

• Stalin thought he should have ALL of Berlin because it was in the Soviet sector

• He was embarassed by the state of E. Berlin

Stalin

• Blocked the roads between West Berlin and West Germany hoping to force England, France, and the U.S. out

• We could not allow this due to our Policy of Containment

• We could not allow communism to spread to West Berlin

The Berlin Air Lift

• Over the next 11 months (until May of 1949)• 277,000 planes dropped everything the West

Berliners needed over the city.• Included clothing, food, medicine, and even

coal for home heating• Involved 2.3 million tons• Operation Little Vittles: toys and candy at

Christmas time for the children

NATO 1949

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization• The first peace time military alliance for the

U.S. in History• Members: the U.S., Canada, and 10 European

nations: Portugal• Belgium Denmark England• France Iceland Italy• Luxembourg Netherlands Norway

Later Other Members

• 1952 Greece and Turkey• 1955 West Germany

• An attack on one Nato member is considered an attack on all

• The above was not envoked until 9-11

NATO

• Eisenhower commanded NATO forces• About 500,000