chapter 18 development - histopathology service•muscle, bones, blood, gonads, etc. •endoderm:...
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Chapter 18
Development
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Fertilization, Cleavage, and
Implantation
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• Sperm and egg unite: 6-24 hours after
intercourse, sperm survives days in female
reprod. tract
• One sperm fertilizes one egg
– Occurs in upper oviduct
– Acrosome: contains digestive enzymes
– Sperm digests thru follicle cells and zona pellucida
– Sperm membrane fuses with egg membrane
– Zona pellucida made impermeable to other sperm
Fertilization
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How many sperm normally fertilize a
single egg?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. More than a million
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• Cleavage involves: cell division without cell
growth, up to about day four
– Function is to restore cell size to normal (i.e.
smaller than the egg cell)
– Produces a “morula” – a solid ball of cells
Early Development
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Blastocyst
• Inner cell mass cells form embryo
proper
– Source of embryonic stem cells
• Outer (trophoblast) cells form placenta
– Secrete hCG (human chorionic
gonadotropin) after implantation
– Extends life of corpus luteum
– Basis of pregnancy test
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Implantation
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Implantation
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The cells of the blastocyst that produce
the embryo proper are called:
A. Zona cells
B. Trophoblast cells
C. Inner cell mass
D. Amnion
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Gastrulation
• Cells migrate to produce a three layered embryo
• Ectoderm: outermost layer
• Forms nervous system, skin, etc.
• Mesoderm: middle layer
• Muscle, bones, blood, gonads, etc.
• Endoderm: innermost layer
• Viscera, gut, etc.
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Neurulation Forms Neural Tube
• The neural tube forms the CNS (brain &
spinal cord)
• Inductive interactions between tissues
– Chemical signals influence development of
nearby tissue
– Ex: Neural tube induced by notochord
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Somites: form bone & muscle
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The neural tube develops into:
A. The digestive tube
B. Reproductive tract
C. Brain and spinal cord
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Extraembryonic Membranes and
Placenta
• Extra-embryonic membranes
– Amnion: lines amniotic cavity, filled with
amniotic fluid
– Chorion: makes human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)
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Placenta
• Functions
– Nutrient exchange with mother
• Umbilical cord connects fetus to placenta
• Filters nutrients, waste, and provides
antibodies for fetus
• No mixing of mother and fetal circulations
– Endocrine organ: produces hormones
• hCG
• Estrogen and Progesterone
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The following are functions of the
placenta
A. Nutrient exchange with the mother
B. Produces hormones required for
pregnancy
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During the first stage of labor, the cervix opens (dilates) and thins out (effaces) to allow
the baby to move into the birth canal. In figures A and B, the cervix is tightly closed. In
figure C, the cervix is 60 percent effaced and 1 to 2 cm dilated. In figure D, the cervix is
90 percent effaced and 4 to 5 cm dilated. The cervix must be 100 percent effaced and 10
centimeters dilated before a vaginal delivery.
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Factors That Contribute to Labor
• Estrogen: Progesterone ratio
– High P promotes uterine quiescence (early
pregnancy)
– High E promotes uterine contractility (late
pregnancy)
• Oxytocin promotes uterine contractions
via neuroendocrine reflex
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Lactation
• During Pregnancy:
– High E and P during pregnancy promote
breast development but inhibit milk prodn.
• After Childbirth:
– E & P levels plummet
– Prolactin promotes milk synthesis
– Oxytocin induces milk ejection via
neuroendocrine reflex
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Environmental Disruptions During the
Embryonic Period Cause Major Birth
Defects
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Lower limbs
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Spina bifida
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Spina bifida baby