chapter 18

A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PCFifth Edition

Chapter 18

PCs on a NetworkNetwork Tech. at KPC

2A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

You Will Learn…

About different types of physical network architectures

How networking works with Windows

How to install a network card and a network protocol using Windows


You Will Learn… (continued)

About sharing resources on a network

Troubleshooting tools and tips for network connections

How to connect networks to each other


Physical Network Architectures

Ethernet (most popular)

Wireless LAN

Token ring

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)


Network Architecture Terminology Network adapter

Provides direct connection between PC and network; usually an expansion card (NIC)

Matches type and speed of physical network

Network port matches connectors on network


Network Architecture Terminology (continued) Network protocols

OS protocols (eg, NetBEUI, TCP/IP)

Hardware protocols (eg, Ethernet, Token Ring)

Data transmission

Packets, datagrams, or frames


Ethernet Variations, Distinguished by Speed


Ethernet Cable Types

continued…


Ethernet Cable Types (continued)


Ethernet Topology

Bus topology Connects each node in a line

Has no central connection point

Star topology Connects all nodes to a centralized hub

More popular; easier to maintain

Patch cables and crossover cables


Bus and Star Topologies


Ethernet Hub Broadcasting a Data Packet


A Hub


Star Bus Topology


Repeaters

Amplify signals on a network

Help overcome limitations on length of cables that can be used; signals can travel farther

Two kinds

Amplifier repeater

Signal-regenerating repeater (used by Ethernet)


Repeaters (continued)


Wireless LANs Use radio waves or infrared light to connect

computers or devices Wireless NIC includes antenna to send and receive

signals Standards

1999 IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi or AirPort) Bluetooth

Slower than wired networks Security is an issue


Wireless LANs (continued)


Token Ring Physical star; logical ring

Data packet is preceded by a token

Transmits data at 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps

Uses a centralized device called a MAU (Multistation Access Unit)

Uses UTP or STP cables (two twisted pairs)

Uses RJ-45 or UDC connectors


FDDI

Uses tokens; structured as a ring, but does not require a centralized hub

Multiple nodes can have data on the ring at the same time

Provides data transfer at 100 Mbps Used as:

Network technology for a large LAN Backbone network to connect several LANs


Now NICs Work

Plug into motherboard expansion slot

Provide port(s) on back of card for connection to network

Manage communication and hardware network protocol for the PC


Network Cards

a. FDDI b. Token ring

c. Ethernet d. Wireless


Network Cards

Send and receive data: To and from system bus in parallel To and from network in series

Use a transceiver for signal conversion Identified by a MAC address Require an IRQ and an I/O address range May be PnP; legacy cards can use jumpers or

DIP switches


Ethernet Combo Card


Considerations When Selecting a Network Card Speed and type of network

Type of cable (shielded twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic)

Type of slot (PCI or ISA)


Segmenting a Network Communication on a local network uses MAC

address of NIC to identify the destination computer; Other computers discard the packet because it is

not addressed to them Bridges and switches

Reduce traffic on each segment and improve network performance

More intelligent than hubs


How Bridges Work


Bridges and Switches


Bridges and Switches (continued)

Bridges

Send broadcast messages; not good for large networks

Effective at separating high-volume areas on a LAN

Best for connecting LANs that do not communicate outside their immediate network


Bridges and Switches (continued)

Switches

Send a packet only to network segment for which it is destined

Both keep source and destination MAC addresses in routing tables and learn new addresses


Bridges Compared with Switches


Windows on a Network Workgroup model and domain model Networking protocols supported at physical

level Ethernet ATM Token Ring

Protocols supported at OS level TCP/IP IPX/SPX NetBEUI


Windows on a Network (continued)


OS Protocols

Automatically bind themselves to any NICs they find

More than one can be associated with a single NIC


Addressing on a Network

MAC address Unique address permanently embedded in a NIC; identifies a device on a LAN

Expressed as six pairs of hexadecimal numbers and letters Used only by devices inside local network

IP address 32-bit address consisting of a series of four 8-bit numbers separated by periods

Identifies a computer or device on a TCP/IP network

Character-based names

Include domain names, host names (Windows 2000/XP), NetBIOS names (Windows 98)

Identify a PC with letters; easier to remember Name resolution services: DNS and Microsoft WINS

Port address Number that identifies a program or service running on a computer to communicate over the network


MAC Addresses and IP Addresses


IP Configuration


MAC Addresses and IP Addresses


Classes of IP Addresses


IP Addresses


Different Ways of Assigning IP Addresses

Public, private, and reserved IP addresses

Dynamically assigned IP addresses

DHCP server

Network Address Translation (NAT)


Reserved IP Addresses


Configuring a DHCP Server


Using NAT


How Computers Find Each Other on a LAN1. Checks NetBIOS name cache

2. Queries WINS server, if it has its IP address

3. Sends broadcast message to all computers on LAN asking for IP address of computer with broadcasted NetBIOS name

4. Checks LMHosts file

5. If IP address still not discovered, computer assumes network is using DNS and checks Hosts file

6. Queries DNS server, if it has its IP address


Installing a Network Card and Connecting to a Network Physically install the card and device drivers

Configure the NIC using Windows so it has appropriate addresses on the network and correct network protocols

Give the computer a name

Test the NIC to verify that PC can access resources on the network


Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP


Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP (continued)


Installing and Configuring TCP/IP Using Windows 2000/XP

Will PC use dynamic or static addressing?

If static addressing, what are IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway?

If you use DNS, what are the IP addresses of the DNS servers?

If a proxy server is used to connect to other networks, what is IP address of proxy server?


Installing a NIC UsingWindows 9x Physically install NIC and turn computer on Windows 9x automatically detects the card

and guides you through driver installation Assign computer name Install TCP/IP using Select Network Protocol

Window (Windows 98) Configure TCP/IP by selecting binding and

clicking Properties (Windows 98)


Installing a Wireless NIC

Use NIC’s configuration software to specify wireless network parameters

Computer must be within acceptable range of an access point or another wireless device that it will communicate with directly

Distance determined by type of technology used – most likely 802.11b


Installing a Wireless NIC (continued)


Using Resources on the Network LAN

Assign all users to same workgroup or domain with My Network Places (Windows 2000/XP) or Network Neighborhood (Windows 9x)

Peer-to-peer network Install Client for Microsoft Networks and File and

Printer Sharing

Share resources


Sharing Files, Folders, and Applications


Installing Windows XP Components Needed to Share Resources


Installing Windows 98 Components Needed to Share Resources


Sharing Files and Folders with the Workgroup


Sharing Files and Folders with the Workgroup (continued)


Network Drive Maps

Using NFS client/software, network drive map makes one PC (client) appear to have new hard drive when that hard drive space is actually on another host computer (server)

Use Windows Explorer to map a network drive


Results of Drive Mapping


Symptoms of NIC Problems Cannot make connection to network

My Network Places or Network Neighborhood does not show other computers on network

Error message appears during installation of NIC drivers

Device Manager shows yellow exclamation point or red X beside name of NIC

No lights on NIC


Troubleshooting Network Connections Check the following:

Cabling and ports for PC NIC itself BIOS Device drivers

Troubleshooting tools Ping (TCP/IP utility) Ipconfig (Windows NT/2000/XP) Winipcfg (Windows 9x)


Connecting Networks with Routers Use IP addresses to determine path by which to

send a packet; Tables determine most efficient available route

Stateless devices - concerned about destination address; Unconcerned about data

Transmit data packet to remote network only if routable protocol was used to produce data packet


Connecting Networks with Routers (continued)


Brouter

Functions both as a bridge and a router

As a router

• Routes routable protocols (TCP/IP and IPX/SPX packets)

As a bridge

• Forwards packets that are not routable (NetBEUI packets) to other local networks


Connecting Networks with Bandwidth Technologies Bandwidth: measure of data capacity Greater bandwidth = faster communication Common bandwidth technologies

Regular telephone lines Cable modem ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Satellite access Wireless access


Bandwidth Technologies


Bandwidth Technologies (continued)


Summary How local networks are built How bridges and switches can segment large local

networks How routers connect networks Technologies used to connect PCs and networks to

the Internet Supporting PCs that are connected to a network How computers are identified over a network How to share computer resources over a network How to troubleshoot a network connection

chapter 18

Documents

networka guide

framesa guide

windowsa guide

etherneta guide

othera guide

speeda guide

data packeta guide

crossover cablesa guide